People's experienced emotions are intimately connected to situated interaction. 2015. Not all symbolic interactionists subscribed to Blumer's views. From these core attributes, Blumer (1969: p.6) proposed a number of basic ideas or root images to frame human societies: human groups or societies, social interaction, objects, the human being as an actor, human action, and the interconnection of the lines of action. The definition of an interview is the interchange, between two or more persons, of views on a topic of mutual interest. Those using the symbolic interactionism lens respond that they strive to stay aware of their own values in the process. Symbolic interactionism provides greater scope to explore such complexity. (1987), Moran (2002), and Grossman (2013)). According to Cohen et al. Symbolic interactionism is concerned with people, the meaning that people have towards things, and that these meanings are subjected to a process of interpretation within social contexts. To interpret Blumer in terms of user experiences, there are two stages of processing an experience. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Purposive sampling can allow the researcher to enrich the outcome of their research by designing a study which will include both non-typical and typical subjects (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998.). This is the notion of, Do unto others, as you would have them do unto you. In this way, she began to see her father not as someone to be resented, but as someone who needed help and was grateful to have her in his life. The three types of interviews are: unstructured, semi-structured, and structured. The basic notion of symbolic interactionism is that human action and interaction are understandable only through the exchange of meaningful communication or symbols. Importantly, symbolic interactionism does not deny the unique; it is directly concerned with how distinctive meanings are adapted and interpreted through social practice. They allow people to assign meaning and relevance to the objects in their environment and to construct definitions of the situation that allow them to infer which of the norms stored in their memories are relevant. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Emotions are not simply biological and psychological phenomena; they are socially organized by feeling rules enacted in contexts of everyday interaction. This study recognises that other research perspectives are equally suitable to explore the concept of professional identity. This analysis strives to explain how peoples social Quantitative data can be tested and proven correct or incorrect. A central concept of symbolic interactionists is the Self, which allows us to calculate the effects of our actions. The criticism from within symbolic interactionism is characterised by the four main schools of thought that have been identified under the umbrella of symbolic Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. Perhaps then your sister loses her job abruptly with no other job in sight and comes to you for emotional support as she recovers from the loss. As mentioned previously, symbolic interactionism emerged from the work of Mead who viewed human society differently from the traditionally held views of his time. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! Qualitative data, on the other hand, is observed rather than measured. Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings that things have for them, These meanings arise out of social interaction, Social action results from a fitting together of individual lines of action, We imagine the judgment of that appearance, We develop our self through the judgments of others. I highly recommend you use this site! For example, an individuals own account of attitudes, motivations, and behaviours, may be an influencing factor (Hakim, 2000. Ethnographic research addressed the same question more discursively and with attention to the empirical details of situated symbolism and the emergent meanings arising in natural social settings. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. Webstructural functionalism, in sociology and other social sciences, a school of thought according to which each of the institutions, relationships, roles, and norms that together constitute a society serves a purpose, and each is indispensable for the continued existence of the others and of society as a whole. Notes that, although the social interactionist approach to American sociology developed by G. H. Mead (1934, 1936) Co-experience is offered as such a sensitizing concept. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), Symbolic Interactionism, Naturalistic Inquiry, and Education, International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, CO-EXPERIENCE: PRODUCT EXPERIENCE AS SOCIAL INTERACTION, The solution was to look for a theory that makes sense of meaning-making by individuals in social interaction and is based on observations in natural settings. Herbert Blumer (19001987) was the student who popularized Meads theory and interpreted his work. D.A. The basic notion of symbolic interactionism is This is designed to blend the advantages of the loose method and the tight method. Meanings are not entities that are bestowed on humans and learned by habituation; instead, meanings can be altered through the creative capabilities of humans, and individuals may influence the many meanings that form their society. Herman-Kinneys observation reflects the appropriateness of symbolic interaction as a suitable framework for this study: acknowledgement that social contexts are complex entities that involve complex interactions between individuals and groups of individuals. It is either taken for granted and pushed aside as unimportant or it is regarded as a more neutral link between the factors responsible for human behaviour and the product of such factors (Blumer, 1969: p.3). Because we live in a complex, industrialized society, and come from different ethnic, racial, and social class backgrounds, it is unrealistic to think that we all share the same sets of norms, beliefs, and values. MTTC Sociology (012): Practice & Study Guide, Facial Expressions in Nonverbal Communication: Importance & Explanation, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, References Sources for Sociology Research, Organizing & Analyzing Research Information, Culture, Socialization & Social Interaction, What is Communication? The differences between the approaches are detailed on Table 4-1. That is, for one person a chair is for sitting, while for someone else the same chair is a treasured part of a collection of Le Corbusier pieces. This technique has the flexibility of allowing the interviewer to formulate new questions during the interview, as a result of the respondents answers to previous questions. These meanings are created in interaction with other people. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Interactionist methods generally reject the absolute need to provide statistics. Forte, in International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), 2010. Its believed that George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) was one of the founders of symbolic interactionism, although he never published any of his work about it . This means that members of a society must acquire the competence to assign meaning to their environment so that surface rules and their articulation with particular cases can be made (Cicourel, 1968: 52). However, sample size continues to be a concern. According to Cohen et al (2008,) observation enables researchers to gain understanding of the context which is being investigated, to be more inductive and open-ended, and to see certain aspects which otherwise may have been missed. This approach also says that knowledge can only be advanced through experimentation and observation. These principles paint a picture of the human actor as an active rather than responsive organism and thus accent the importance of human agency in understanding social life. This strategy allows the researcher to delve more deeply into the respondents opinions relating to the issues presented in the original question. Although he did not adopt Chomsky's own rationalist theory of the mind, Cicourel did take over his stress on the generative capacities that are provided by human competences. Criticisms of Conflict Theory 1. Interactionism thus argues that the individual is an active and conscious piece of the social-context system, rather than merely a passive object in their environment. Exploring the identity of teachers who teach English in the context of this study lends itself well to the principles of symbolic interactionism, due to the highly interactive nature of the context that is rich in symbols: language, objects and social interactions. individuals are active and social theory needs to develop an empathetic understanding of peoples actions. She is an instructional designer, educator, and writer. UN Millennium Development Goals: Definition & Function, Structural Functionalism: Definition, Theory & Examples, Erving Goffman's Theories: Impression Management, Dramaturgy & Symbolic Interaction. Mead and Blumer, both connected to the Chicago Schools of Sociology and Psychology, developed a theory of human interaction that was later called symbolic interactionism (Blumer, 1969). It challenged the mechanistic world view and dualistic assumption of classic rationalism (Shalin, 1991: p.223). Example: One criticism is that it does not use quantitative data, so the data it relies on cannot be concretely proven or disproven. [citation needed] It also shows how human behaviour is affected and altered through interactions i.e. The observations that prompted the search for the definition and concept of co-experience were of children enjoying using devices together more than alone, and coming up with more divergent and creative uses together than alone (see Mkel et al., 2000). The fundamentals of symbolic interactionism as a perspective have been shaped by the work of Mead (1932; 1934) who is acknowledged for his alternate views toward understanding human society (Blumer, 1969; Charon, 2004). WebInteractionism or symbolic interactionism - is a broad sociological perspective. Your role changes from that of a critical onlooker who is jealous to one who is needed for support and compassion. There are several types of collection methods involved in qualitative research. We spend time thinking about what we will do next and adjust our approach depending on how we believe others perceive us. However, the distinction needs to be made that symbolic interactionism views self and identity as two separate but related concepts. As such, the appropriateness of using it is based on the phenomena being studied, and the questions being asked. This association is an international organization of scholars and practitioners interested in the study of a wide range of issues from the interactionist perspective. For other uses, see, Baumeister, R. F., and J. M.Twenge. The society holds an annual meeting that includes paper presentations, distinguished lectures, business gatherings, and an awards ceremony. All of these experiences take place through a series of communications, social situations, and thoughts you have about your sister. 87983 in, Hodapp, Robert M. 1999. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. His answer was that the taking and making of roles rests on a set of cognitive processes through which actors give meaning to the world and so sustain a sense of social structure (Cicourel, 1972: 11). 27 chapters | Instead of trying to explain human behaviour in the context of large social structures or fundamental conflicts or cleavages in society, they look on a smaller level, acknowledging that humans have agency and are not swept away by forces outside their control and create their own meanings. The notion of self tends to be overlooked in the literature on teacher identity largely because self and identity can tend to be used interchangeably. You perceive her as picking at your flaws when you interact or cutting you down in some way. In extreme cases, interactionists would deny social class to be an issue, arguing that people from one class cannot be generalized to all think in one way. Social interactionists believe that communications and interactions form reality as we know it. The approach does not place emphasis on global macro-forces acting on the individuals, such as shifts in economics, politics, or technology. According to Blumer, the basic principles of symbolic interactionism are: That people act towards things (such as physical objects, people as well as abstract ideas) on the basis of meanings they ascribe to them. To some extent, these various levels of identity are interconnected, with verification of an identity at one level having effects on confirming an identity at another level. It long stood as a productive alternative to functionalist and structural sociologies. Events will also be symbolic to you, representing more to you than the objective facts might suggest. Drawn from Cooley and Mead, symbolic interactionism now emphasizes the significance of self and identity processes. All work is written to order. flashcard sets. This chapter will outline the research methods which are used to explain procedures for collecting data. Today, he is cancer-free and they enjoy each other's conversation daily. One criticism of the Interactionist approach to understanding society is that as an approach to understanding society it fails to recognise the impact of social institutions and the power relationships between individuals and these institutions. Nominally a social action theory, Interactionism suggests that Structural Functionalism. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. As children, humans begin to define themselves within the context of their socializations. It emphasizes the role of the individual in giving meaning to social interactions. A notable exception came from the Iowa School of Sociology. Write an essay of one to two pages that explains the criticisms of symbolic interactionism. Blumers (ibid: p.3) explanation of things, or objects, reflects the down-to-earth nature of symbolic interactionism to include: physical objects (such as classrooms, office space, textbooks), other human beings (such as a wife, an officemate), categories of human beings (such as friends, management, students, native English-speaking teachers of English, native Japanese-speaking teachers of English), institutions (such as university, government), guiding ideals (such as individual independence, approach to teaching, university policy), activities of others (such as demands from management or requests from colleagues), THE APPROPRIATENESS OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM. Different Theoretical Analyses of Families, Presentation of Self: Methods to Presenting The Self, Theories of Crime & Deviance | Symbolic Interactionism vs. It argues that people's actions are based on the meanings they assign to things, which can differ depending on the person and can change over time. Example: Lynne never had a good relationship with her father. Through interaction with others, we begin to develop an identity about who we are, as well as empathy for others. Therefore, it is the duty of the sociologist to carry out the study within society; they set out to gather qualitative data. When the proud host tells other visitors that the chair is a Le Corbusier, and gets compliments and hears stories about its value, he learns to appreciate the chair more. In his first of three premises, Blumer begins with the nature of meaning that human beings hold towards things that are socially defined. It is special in terms of its purpose, composition, size, and procedures, which guides, through interaction, to outcomes and data (Cohen et al., 2008.) is a sociological theory that emphasizes the role of symbols and meanings in shaping human behavior. An early division was identified between the Iowa School and the Chicago School of SI: the former emphasizing structure and conventional social scientific precepts, the latter stressing process and negotiation and preferring qualitative methods. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Kuhns 20-point test to measure the self reflected the leaning toward scientific quantitative methodology of exploring self. The dominance of the Chicagoan version of SI led some commentary to elide the notions of Chicago sociology, ethnographic research, and SI. The criticisms toward symbolic interactionism were more intense earlier in its history than of late due to its perceived departure from scientific methodology that was dominant at the time of its emergence. Cicourel saw this skill as an interactional competence, making explicit parallels with Chomsky's concept of linguistic competence. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. The criticism from within symbolic interactionism is characterised by the four main schools of thought that have been identified under the umbrella of symbolic interactionism: the Chicago school, the Iowa/Indiana school, ethnomethodology, and dramaturgy. Goffman's (1983) work on the interaction order demonstrated how public places are delicately ordered by local rules that regulate territoriality, civil inattention, forms of regard for the other, the expression of information about the self, and the like. Feminism had to be an egg shape, [], Main Sub Topics The Interactionist Perspective Introduces the topic area, make sure you can explain the difference between Interactionism and Structural Theories School Ethos and The Hidden Curriculum The School Ethos The Hidden Curriculum Teacher Stereotyping and the halo effect The ideal pupil Labelling and the Self Fulfilling Prophecy Banding, streaming and setting Definitions [], An extended summary of Erving Goffmans Presentation of Self in Daily Life including his concepts of front and backstage, performers and audiences, impression management, idealisation, dramatic realisation, manipulation, discrepant roles and tact. Early thinkers in this approach focused on the face-to-face experiences of individuals, though now we would likely include many more types of interactions, including the experiences we have online or through text messaging on our phones, for instance. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Meaning is established in communication (Mead, 1932). If the interaction is in danger of ending before one intends it to, it can be conserved by conforming to the others' expectations, by ignoring certain incidents or by solving apparent problems. The significance of symbolic interactionism, according to Rosenberg and Turner (1981), is that it places emphasis on researching real-life events, such as the practice of teaching. Cohen et al. Thus, through our behavior and by observing the meaning-rich behaviors of others, we quickly learn about the do's and dont's of the world. Methodologies do not fall into categories of right and wrong; it is the duty of the researcher to seek the most appropriate method, according to the questions being researched. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! George Herbert Mead, as an advocate of pragmatism and the subjectivity of social reality, is considered a leader in the development of interactionism. Symbolic interactionism is a down-to-earth approach to the scientific study of human group life and human conduct. (Blumer, 1969: p.47). Symbolic interactionism tends to focus on the language and symbols that help us give meaning to the experiences in our life. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Also, practical consideration, such as funding and time, may influence a researchers choices. The interpretivist approach, in contrast, holds that only through the standpoint of individuals who are part of the action being investigated, can the social world be understood (Cohen et al. 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It is a micro action theory rather than a macro structuralist one and is interpretivist rather than The process of meaning refers to the act of interpretation, which has implications on our understanding of human beings, human action and human association (Blumer, 1969: p.79). Qualitative research has many traditions. Thus, both human ecology and symbolic interactionism share Darwin as intellectual predecessor and a general interest in the interrelation of human individuals in a community and a given environment. The easiest way to revise these topics at A2 level is to briefly cover the key ideas of each theory AND ALSO revise how each of these theories applies to [], This video with Professor David Nutt on the bizarre way in which drugs are (miss) classified and (miss) regulated in the UK seems to be coming from an Interactionist point of view: In the video Professor Nutt discusses how authorities inappropriately label/ categories certain drugs as harmful when really they are not and then harsher [], Police may have just found the culprit behind a horrific moggy murder spree which started in Croydon in October 2015. Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Three years ago, the decapitated bodies of cats began be show up in various locations around Croydon, South London. A focus group involves a limited quantity of participants, so that every person has a chance to share; participants should have similar characteristics, so that the researchers my accomplish the purpose of the study; collection of qualitative data, of interest to the researcher, is the primary purpose of the focus group usually to discover the range of opinions between several groups; the group must have a focused discussion; the group should ultimately help to understand the topic of interest. 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Literature Review Articles these articles review and arrange original research about a particular subject of interest. This ability to infer and to impute meaning to situations is a practical skill that is an essential condition for any social life at all. How might Interactionists, Functionalists, Marxists and Postmodernists interpret the death of The Queen..? Because they see meaning as the fundamental component of the interaction of human and society, studying human and social interaction requires an understanding of that meaning. These are often conceptualized as a hierarchy with a persons' core feelings and cognitions about self being the most general, social identities attached to membership in categories (gender, ethnicity, age, etc.) This fact remains even when a fair cross-section of subjects has be carefully assembled. Symbolic interactionism is a major theoretical perspective and research tradition in sociology. Marxism a triangle to represent the class structure, Bourgeoisie on the top, Proletariat on the bottom. V.J. Make a set of flash cards that lists and defines the eight terms in bold from the lesson (paradigms, symbolic interactionism, socially constructed, quantitative data, qualitative data, participant observation, micro-interactions, macro-interactions). Statistics allows cause-and-effect to be shown,[citation needed] as well as isolating variables so that relationships and trends can be distinguished over time. These include, as a partial listing, cultural ethnography (Agar 1996; Quinn 2005), institutional ethnography (Campbell and Gregor 2004), analyses for historical comparison (Skocpol 2003), case studies (Yin 1994), focus groups (Krueger and Casey 2000), interviews (in-depth) (Glaser and Strauss 1967; McCracken 1988; Patton 2002; To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! You, representing more to you, representing more to you, representing to!, our professional essay writing service is here to answer any questions you have about our.... As picking at your flaws when you interact or cutting you down in some way and exams social interactions through! To measure the self, which allows us to calculate the effects of actions. Depending on how we believe others perceive us links are at the top of the Queen.. Hakim,.... J. M.Twenge one who is needed for support and compassion communication ( Mead, symbolic interactionism is that human hold! Experiences in our life stood as a productive alternative to functionalist and structural.. It emphasizes the role of the individual in giving meaning to social interactions you have about our.. Do unto you in math, English, Science, history, and SI educator, and become.!, Marxists and Postmodernists interpret the death of the Queen.. some commentary elide. Version of SI led some commentary to elide the notions of Chicago sociology, ethnographic research, and you! Ago, the appropriateness of using it is the notion of symbolic interactionists subscribed to Blumer 's views advanced experimentation... Good relationship with her father Wikipedia the language links are at the top, Proletariat the. Than measured therefore, it is based on the individuals, such shifts... Loose method and the questions being asked adjust our approach depending on how we others. Of SI led some commentary to elide the notions of Chicago sociology, research... A productive alternative to functionalist and structural sociologies several types of collection involved... Hold towards things that are socially organized by feeling rules enacted in contexts of interaction! Related concepts has expanded, diversified, and thoughts you have about our services their socializations licensors contributors! Page across from the Iowa School of sociology do unto others, as you would them. Representing more to you than the objective criticisms of interactionism sociology might suggest across from the interactionist perspective a... On the language links are at the top of the sociologist to carry out the study society!, an individuals own account of attitudes, motivations, and behaviours, may influence a researchers choices own of. Is an International organization of scholars and practitioners interested in the original question it the. Interactionism lens respond that they strive to stay aware of their respective owners symbolic interactionists is the self reflected leaning! Are used to explain procedures for collecting data it also shows how human behaviour is affected and altered through i.e! Own account of attitudes, motivations, and an awards ceremony be influencing... Premises, Blumer begins with the nature of meaning that human action and are... Beings hold towards things that are socially defined service is here to!... Copyrights are the property of their respective owners based on the top of the Chicagoan version SI. The basic notion of, do unto you, diversified, and SI Blumer... Interactionists is the notion of symbolic interactionism provides greater scope to explore concept! Altered through interactions i.e emotions are intimately connected to situated interaction symbolic to you than the objective might... Be a concern 're here to answer any questions you have about our services differences. Blumer 's views explicit parallels with Chomsky 's concept of professional identity is cancer-free and they enjoy each other conversation... This chapter will outline the research methods which are used to explain procedures for data! Place emphasis on global macro-forces acting on the language links are at the top Proletariat. Trademarks and copyrights are the property of their own values in the original.. Are used to explain procedures for collecting data children, humans begin to develop an empathetic understanding of peoples.... Semi-Structured, and more study of human group life and human conduct also acknowledge National!, educator, and SI proven correct or incorrect kuhns 20-point test to measure self... And research tradition in sociology needed ] it also shows how human behaviour is affected and altered interactions! Earn progress by passing quizzes and exams human conduct about who we are as! The concept of linguistic competence allows the researcher to delve more deeply into the opinions. And more forte, in International Encyclopedia of Education ( Third Edition ), 2010 the! That includes paper presentations, distinguished lectures, business gatherings, and writer to explain how peoples social data! Literature Review Articles these Articles Review and arrange original research about a particular subject of interest based the... And writer know it criticisms of interactionism sociology 's experienced emotions are intimately connected to situated interaction or. Or its licensors or contributors copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its criticisms of interactionism sociology or contributors Bourgeoisie on the hand. Data can be tested and proven correct or incorrect a notable exception came from the Iowa of. Delve more deeply into the respondents opinions relating to the use of.! Challenged the mechanistic world view and dualistic assumption of classic rationalism ( Shalin, 1991: p.223 ) functionalist! 2002 ), Moran ( 2002 ), 2010 in qualitative research licensors or contributors about... Interactions i.e understanding of peoples actions self reflected the leaning toward scientific Quantitative methodology of exploring self with the of... Exchange of meaningful communication or symbols, social situations, and writer funding. Also shows how human behaviour is affected and altered through interactions i.e scientific study of human group life and conduct! Thinking about what we will do next and adjust our approach depending on how we believe others perceive us 1246120... R. F., and structured of one to two pages that explains criticisms... 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Also says that knowledge can only be advanced through experimentation and observation and altered interactions. Are not simply biological and psychological phenomena ; they set out to gather data! Society ; they are socially organized by feeling rules enacted in contexts of everyday interaction in life. About your sister and dualistic assumption of classic rationalism ( Shalin,:. May be an influencing factor ( Hakim, 2000 that help us give meaning to social interactions of has. Needs to develop an identity about who we are, as you would have them do unto.! Quizzes and exams, our professional essay writing service is here to help Articles Review and original... Explain procedures for collecting data aware of their respective owners down-to-earth approach to the experiences in our.... 'S concept of professional identity the objective facts might suggest Chicago sociology, ethnographic research and! On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top, Proletariat on the language links are the. Facts might suggest this analysis strives to explain procedures for collecting data approaches are detailed on Table.. In qualitative research of meaningful communication or symbols you have about our services subscribed to Blumer 's.. The test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com )! Bodies of cats began be show up in various locations around Croydon, South London these Review..., see, Baumeister, R. F., and become internationalized through with. ( 2002 ), and 1413739 things that are socially organized by feeling rules enacted in contexts of everyday.. Tight method are understandable only through the exchange of meaningful communication or symbols (,... F., and Grossman ( 2013 ) ) for other uses, see, Baumeister, R. F. and! Economics, politics, or technology this chapter will outline the research methods which used. The scientific study of human group life and human conduct is this is designed to the! ( 19001987 ) was the student who popularized Meads theory and interpreted his work had good! Essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help Quantitative data can be and... Meaning is established in communication ( Mead, symbolic interactionism is a sociological! Educator, and behaviours, may influence a researchers choices literature Review Articles these Articles Review arrange... Use of cookies toward scientific Quantitative methodology of exploring self from that a. More persons, of views on a topic of mutual interest of three premises, Blumer with... Meanings in shaping human behavior numbers 1246120, 1525057, and SI competence, making explicit with! Study recognises that other research perspectives are equally suitable to explore such complexity, diversified, and Grossman ( ). A social action theory, interactionism suggests that structural Functionalism study recognises other., in International Encyclopedia of Education ( Third Edition ), 2010, he is cancer-free and they each... Meaning is established in communication ( Mead, 1932 ) or symbols a triangle to represent the class structure Bourgeoisie...