why are electoral systems important

See how your Electoral Roll information is held on your Credit Report before changing your address. Each uses a form of proportional electoral system. This points to the reason why the Electoral College should remain as an important element of our governmental structure. electoral system Electoral Politics 101: Why Elections and Voting Matter ... When people cast their vote, they are actually voting for a group of people called electors. 4. The electors chosen by each state are called the Electoral College. Electoral Systems electoral system, Method and rules of counting votes to determine the outcome of elections. Purposes of Elections. Why Electoral Systems Matter: An Analysis of their ... “The new electoral system is in line with ‘one country, two systems’ and Hong Kong’s actual situation … it is a good system,” Xi said, referring to … •Tbilisi protesters demanding snap parliamentary elections after gov’t fails to deliver on election reform Lowering of Voting Age: The 61 st Amendment Act to the Constitution reduced the minimum age for voting from 21 to 18 years. The most common distinction is between proportional representation systems and plurality–majoritarian regimes. Electoral Given the slow speed by which the number of It discusses why elections matter to So although all electoral politics in Australia are party politics, party probably is even more important in Senate elections than in House elections. Why The Institute has designed technical and analytical training curricula, modules pertaining to electoral systems and for training of electoral personnel. The objective is to look at each option from the perspective of its proponents and to summarize Electoral 3 Common Types of Electoral Systems Explained | by Agora ... Why We Need the Electoral College (Now More Than Ever ... "Because we … Changing the way elections are financed is the first and most important step in resolving this shameful situation. The Debate over Electoral Systems ANDRE BLAIS ABSTRACT. But there are thousands of different ways to cast and count votes. Tuesday marks an important Electoral College deadline. In fact, some municipalities forgo the entire maintenance of a list altogether, relying on voters to register themselves on election day. Basically, the Electoral College magnifies the margin of victory and grants legitimacy to the winners. The devolved legislatures in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are elected using different voting systems to the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system used in UK general elections to elect MPs to Westminster. Then, everyone living in the now-claimed territory, became a part of an English colony. Had that been the case, Clinton would have won the 2016 election. In India, the government is accountable to the citizens. In this way, why Electoral College vs popular vote? comments@electoral-vote.com For "letters to the editor" for possible publication on a Sunday ; corrections@electoral-vote.com To tell us about typos or factual errors we should fix; items@electoral-vote.com For general suggestions, ideas, etc. 1. The system rewarded slave owners by giving their states more power while holding millions and millions of people powerless. For instance, only a third of Germans in 2018 knew that the “second vote” ( Zweitstimme ) for a party is more important than the “first vote” ( Erststimme ) for a candidate in terms of actually determining the composition of the parliament. A map of the British Let's put this into perspective. Electoral systems can also be important linking citizens to their leaders (through some mechanisms such as accountability, representation and political liability). Generally, political science categorizes electoral systems according to four variables, which have major impact on the final distribution of cast votes2. September 2021 States of … The impact of electoral systems on the political process and on citizens’ commitment to the political process is an important topic to be taken into consideration. Electoral systems are the rules for conducting elections, a main component of which is the algorithm for determining the winner (or several winners) from the ballots cast. In each riding, the candidate who receives the most votes wins the corresponding seat in Parliament (see Electoral Systems). The way you vote at your local polling place may seem like the natural and only way to vote. The Electoral College is composed of electors who each cast one electoral vote following the voting that takes place in the general election. Many other factors, such as the quality of political leadership, the nomination process for candidates, and the rules of the legislature, influence how well the principles people value will be reflected. The electoral system define how people vote, how these votes are counted and how the outcome of the election is established. Click to see full answer. Winners may be determined by a plurality, a majority (more than 50% of the vote), an extraordinary majority (a percentage of the vote greater than 50%), or unanimity. of electoral systems on party systems and the implications for the role of elections in democracy. 5. Also called “first-past-the-post” or “winner-take-all” systems, plurality systems simply award a seat to the individual candidate who receives the most votes in an election. In this lively and instructive primer, Tara Ross explains: Why the Founders established the Electoral College—and why they thought it vital to the Constitution. The purpose of the Electoral College is to ensure that each state gets a proportional say in who is going to be the president of all 50 states. Most countries have chosen an electoral system very different to the one used in national elections in the United States. Editor’s note: This is the third of a four-part series on the far-reaching significance of the National Security Law for Hong Kong and the special administrative region’s electoral reforms. (JustPatriots.com)- After Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton lost the 2016 election, Democrats have argued that the Electoral College should be abolished in favor of electing presidents based on the popular vote. The first reason that the founders created the Electoral College is hard to understand today. In my opinion, people don’t spend enough time thinking about electoral systems. This complex political process can leave many wondering why the electoral college still stands today. According to Britannica ProCon.org, “Using electors instead of the popular vote was intended to safeguard against uninformed or uneducated voters by putting the final decision in the hands of electors most likely to possess the information necessary to make the best decision…”. Electoral systems are important for several reasons. A full understanding of the origins of electoral systems in electoral authoritarian regimes is thus necessary. In elections using electoral systems where strategic nomination is a concern, primaries can be very important in preventing "clone" candidates that split their constituency's vote because of their similarities.Primaries allow political parties to select and unite behind one candidate. A large turnout at elections is an important element of democracy. The choice of Electoral System is one of the most important institutional decisions for any democracy. How the Electoral College prevents political crises after tight elections. As a long-standing customer of Xpress, it is by far the industry leader in electoral management systems. Electoral systems that produce proportional results or accountability to constituents or durable governments may or may not foster interethnic conciliation. )Elections in Canada use a first-past-the-post system, whereby the candidate that wins the most votes in a constituency is selected to represent that riding. America’s presidential election process preserves federalism, prevents chaos, grants definitive electoral outcomes, and prevents tyrannical or unreasonable rule. America’s election systems have operated smoothly for more than 200 years because the Electoral College accomplishes its intended purposes. September 2021 States of Incarceration: The Global Context 2021. by Emily Widra and Tiana Herring (Older versions for 2018, 2016 and 2014.). Voter Turnout and Policy. Electoral systems influence important political outcomes, such as legislative behavior, the nature of electoral competition, the relationship between votes and seats in parliaments, and the number of parties in government (e.g., Carey & Hix, 2013; Cox, 1997; Duverger, 1964; Lijphart, 1994 ). Ignoring that principle has repercussions today, reports political scientist … A free and fair election is not only about the freedom to vote and the knowledge of how to cast a vote, but also about a participatory process where voters engage in public debate and have adequate information about parties, policies, candidates and … The electoral formula represents the essence of each electoral system. Limits to what electoral systems can do As important as electoral systems are, there are limits to what any system, by itself, can accomplish. Rivers State Governor, Nyesom Wike, has charged the media to exert pressure on President Muhammadu Buhari to assent to the amended Electoral Act. Some electoral changes have been made because of problems with existing systems, something that has occurred twice in relation to Senate elections. Important Factors in LebanonÕs Electoral System Context Lebanon has had 4 different electoral laws in 20 years (1990, 1996, 2000, 2008). Why is the Electoral College important? Features and Characteristics of Electoral Systems. The Electoral College is working exactly as the Founders intended – to ensure a president is elected by a diverse group of voters from every individual state across the United States. Proportional system Electoral formula • PR is not an electoral formula • Many formulas are construed as PR • Basic idea: Seats are to be divided among the parties according to their vote support • Two types: 1. largest-remainder methods (with … The Electoral College was the result of a compromise between our founding fathers. Media and Elections. To download a poster about the site to hang up, please click here. Why Is the Electoral College Important? The reason people who favor the electoral college do so is most often its ability to give less populous states greater representation in … The media are essential to democracy, and a democratic election is impossible without media. The Electoral College Is Still Important. Meanwhile, scholars have only begun to explore the conditions in which dictators favour one type of electoral system over another. The promulgation of the National Security Law for Hong Kong and the improvement of its electoral system have restored the HKSAR’s constitutional order under “one country” and complemented the Basic Law in a significant way. — The Omaha-based NE-2 supported Republicans in the past two presidential elections, but by decreasing margins, and could feasibly vote blue in 2020. Some electoral systems may even create barriers for certain types of candidates. “America’s election systems have operated smoothly for more than 200 years because the Electoral College accomplishes its intended purposes. Today, the Electoral College serves as an important reminder of how the “United” States was founded. The official general election results gave Trump 304 Electoral College votes and 46.09% of the popular vote (62,984,825), and … Firstly, there is a perception that they have an impact on the degree of coherence/fragmentation of the party system, and hence on government effectiveness. Most states have a “winner take all” system where the popular vote winner gets the state’s electoral votes. Maintain American Federalism. Monitoring your Credit Report is important as it allows you to check for any changes to your Electoral Roll status and ensure that all four Credit Reference Agencies (CRAs) are holding your information correctly. The Electoral College is a deeply flawed system. Why is the Electoral College important? Simply put, the U.S. government was established on a system of checks and balances between the different branches of government, and the electoral college is one of those safeguards to preserve the integrity of the voting process despite its flaws. To be brutally honest, the Founding Fathers gave the American public of their day little credit for political awareness when it came to selecting the president. In 1787, each state was considered its own country, represented by its own constitution. When a significant change actually is made to Australian electoral arrangements, as in Victoria s move to the Senate model of Proportional Representation for its 2006 Legislative Council elections, essentially the lawmakers produce local variations on one of the four electoral systems described in this paper. Electoral College Is A Mechanism For Stable Elections. The governor said it is important that the media should enlighten Nigerians to know why there should be electronic transmission of election results in … Alan Renwick and Charlotte Kincaid argue that the debate raises important wider questions about the place of checks and balances in our system of democratic governance. Why is the choice of electoral system important? The first purpose was to create a buffer between population and the selection of a President. It presents the major options and the main empirical and normative arguments in support of each of them. Here you have the opportunity to vote on how we should all vote. The Electoral College, in practice, gives a little more electoral power to racial minorities, such as blacks and Hispanics, and thus is important in … In respect to this, why is it important to vote in the primaries? It is important to remember that the President is not chosen by a national popular vote.The Electoral College vote totals determine the winner, not the statistical plurality or majority a candidate may have in the national popular vote totals.Electoral votes are awarded on the basis of the popular vote in … Comment. The number of electors each state gets is equal to its total number of Senators and Representatives in Congress. Question 1. For election guides, results, news and more, head to the ABC's Elections page. The government says the revamped electoral system will ensure only "patriots" will be allowed to stand for election and eventually hold positions of political power. With the help of an example, prove that a democratic government is a more accountable form of government. A proportional electoral system would have given the opposition a chance to give the authorities a run for their money in the upcoming 2020 parliamentary elections. In America today, public policy is deeply biased towards affluent white people, as numerous scholars have discovered.14 In light of the income and race differences, and the differing views, of voters and nonvoters, it seems logical and likely that voter turnout differences are a significant part of the problem of white-affluent bias in public policy.15 … In a Leader-Takes-All electoral system, the candidate with the most votes at the end of an election wins, no matter what percentage of the total votes he or she obtains. This percentage of votes earned by a candidate could even be very small — if they have more votes than other candidates, they will win the election. Ahead of … Even some scholars have a tendency to underestimate the The most important factor is the closeness of the state. For the first two, please include your initials and city. Like all elements of electoral systems, historically they are a result of struggles among political elites about what they deem important. Quotas An increasing number of countries are currently introducing various types of gender quotas for public elections: In fact, half of the countries of the world today use some type of electoral quota for their parliament. The German electoral system is often difficult to understand, even for Germans. The three-fifths compromise allowed for three-fifths of slaves to be counted which resulted in more representatives in the U.S. House of Representatives and more votes in the Electoral College. Early twentieth-century activists likewise saw electoral systems as an important tool for facilitating women's mobilization at the ballot box. The choice of a particular electoral system has a profound effect on the future political life of the country concerned, and electoral systems, once chosen, often remain fairly constant as political interests solidify around and respond to the incentives … Accordingly, they feared that placing the unlimited power to elec… questions@electoral-vote.com For questions about politics, civics, history, etc. Always, the system used is Ôblock voteÕ Districts The constitution requires the electoral system to reßect regional differences. The LCRD will help the agency test optical communication in space. Family Policy Matters Transcript: Why We Need the Electoral College (Now More Than Ever) TRACI GRIGGS: Thanks for joining us this week for Family Policy Matters.As we transition from election season back into our more normal routines—whatever that is in 2020—we thought it would be a good time to reflect on some of what makes America so great … Leadership Rivers State governor Nyesom Ezenwo Wike has charged the media to exert pressure on President Muhammadu Buhari to assent to the amended Electoral Act. Different electoral systems give voters different kinds of choices, which can then affect the decisions voters make. The paper reviews the debate over the various dimensions of electoral systems. According to archives.gov, "The founding fathers established it in the Constitution as a compromise between election of the President by a vote in Congress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens. But aren't these two different things? The Electoral College system also distinguishes the United States from other systems where the highest vote-getter automatically wins. Important Factors in LebanonÕs Electoral System Context Lebanon has had 4 different electoral laws in 20 years (1990, 1996, 2000, 2008). What is Democracy? The choice of Electoral System is one of the most important institutional decisions for any democracy. Electoral systems across the UK. The literature on electoral systems has almost exclusively focused on democracies. Electoral systems can be divided into three general types: 1. Votes in so-called “swing states” (Florida, New Mexico, etc.) The Electoral College is also viewed as a critical part of the checks and balances fundamental to the American political system. Majority Wins. The following five reasons to keep the Electoral College are used by its defenders. )Elections in Canada use a first-past-the-post system, whereby the candidate that wins the most votes in a constituency is selected to represent that riding. There are many different electoral systems in use around the world. This consists of 538 members, comprising 100 senators, 435 congressmen, and 3 members from the District of Columbia. As a matter of fact, electoral systems do generate important consequences for … Electoral Systems. Why Does the United States Have a Two-Party System? Internationally, proportional representation is the most common type of electoral system with roughly 90 of 195 countries using it. Forms of electoral fraud, sometimes referred to as election manipulation, voter fraud or vote rigging, involves illegal interference with the process of an election, either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both. This article discusses methods and results of comparing different electoral systems, both those which elect a unique candidate in a 'single-winner' election and those which elect a group of … 1. Rivers State Governor Nyesom Wike has urged President Muhammadu Buhari to sign the amended Electoral Act. Electoral systems influence important political outcomes, such as legislative behavior, the nature of electoral competition, the relationship between votes and seats in parliaments, and the number of parties in government (e.g., Carey & Hix, 2013; Cox, 1997; Duverger, 1964; Lijphart, 1994 ). This bill was important for two reasons. Answer (1 of 27): As far as I’m concerned, the electoral system either goes too far or it doesn’t go far enough. Electoral Systems; Electoral Systems. The primary benefit of the Electoral College is that it works to protect the best interests of the minority in every election. After 1824, states quickly began conforming to the norm of statewide selection of electors. I believe in that objective. Answer: We can take the example of India. Alexander Keyssar: The book really began, I think, after the 2000 election, when the winner of the electoral vote received only a minority of the popular vote. Votes may be cast for candidates or for political parties. They determine who will be in the room when important decisions are made -- and they ensure our representatives know who they’ll have to answer to when they rank priorities and make tough decisions. Electoral systems: Important and Fun? Why Is the Electoral College So Important? Plurality voting is a system in which the candidate(s) with the highest number of votes wins, with no requirement to get a majority of votes. It was formed on unfair terms. It addresses important questions concerning the core findings on these relationships, and features an overview of related International IDEA resources and references to scholarly research for further reading. The use of an Electoral College system can also mean that a candidate can win the popular vote and lose the election. The second as part of the structure of the government that gave extra power to the smaller states. Here's why that's bad news for Trump ... like Georgia and Pennsylvania that had "flawed election systems." Why the Electoral College was meant to be more important than the popular vote. Family Policy Matters Transcript: Why We Need the Electoral College (Now More Than Ever) TRACI GRIGGS: Thanks for joining us this week for Family Policy Matters.As we transition from election season back into our more normal routines—whatever that is in 2020—we thought it would be a good time to reflect on some of what makes America so great and so … to be answered on a Saturday ; comments@electoral-vote.com For "letters to the editor" for possible publication on a Sunday ; corrections@electoral-vote.com To tell us about typos or … A matter of race. During the New York ratifying convention in June 1788, Alexander Hamilton said, “The true principle of government is this — make the system complete in its structure; give a perfect proportion and balance to its parts; and the powers you give it will never affect your security.”. In practice, legislative electoral systems can be classified into three broad categories: plurality and majority systems (collectively known as majoritarian systems); proportional systems; and hybrid, or semiproportional, systems. Electoral Reforms Undertaken. Electoral systems may also help to ease or exacerbate conflict. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Us Electoral System. In addition, they help Electoral systems matter because – in interaction with other structural and institutional factors – they influence incentives regarding government effectiveness, violence and conflict, accountability, public policy, and electoral malpractice. At first, state legislatures dominated as the electoral method of choice. There is a false narrative that Malaysia is returning to its old politics after the results … Disclaimer learnabouttheunitedstates.com and the products / services / info offered on this site are not associated, affiliated, endorsed, or sponsored by USCIS and or The Department of Homeland Security, nor have they been reviewed tested or certified by USCIS and or The Department of Homeland Security. Both of these are discussed in the section below: Electoral Reforms Pre-2000. I began to wonder why we still have the Electoral College, what had prevented its reform or abolition. In each riding, the government is a more accountable form of government each of.! In not-so-close states such as New York Magazine < /a > Electoral Reforms Undertaken:! And grants legitimacy to the constitution reduced the minimum Age for voting 21... Or indirectly to wonder Why we Still have the Electoral College favors < /a > systems. Institutional decisions for any democracy of placing ultimate power into a single set of hands. At elections is an important reminder of how the outcome of the Us Electoral system over.. Systems have an important element of democracy grants legitimacy to the norm of statewide selection electors! Power to the norm of statewide selection of a compromise between our Founding Fathers had seen the of. Their telling statements from the District of Columbia Past the Post giving their states more power while holding and. A part of an example, prove that a democratic government is accountable to the 's! Decisions for any democracy favors < /a > the Electoral system to reßect regional differences site. Matter of fact, some municipalities forgo the entire maintenance of a.! By each state was considered its own country, represented by its defenders MPs ) are to! In which dictators favour one type of Electoral systems have an important of! Distinction is between proportional representation is the Electoral College are used by its defenders and a government!, scholars have only begun to explore the conditions in which dictators favour one of. Commonly held turnout at elections is an important element of democracy today, the government that gave extra to... First Past the Post first purpose was to create a buffer between population and the implications for the reason. Are one key way we ’ ve chosen to make these decisions site to hang,... Or indirectly may also help to ease or exacerbate conflict one used in national elections in democracy candidates or political. Poster about the nature of representative government and the selection of a compromise between our Founding.! Choosing political representatives long run used by its defenders make a difference in. Which can then affect the decisions voters make Electoral_Systems < /a > Comment https: ''... The example why are electoral systems important India voting from 21 to 18 years `` flawed election systems. its reform or.. Systems do generate important consequences for democratic governance in the long run and that! Don ’ t spend enough time thinking about Electoral systems in Electoral authoritarian regimes is thus.! States was founded spend why are electoral systems important time thinking about Electoral systems are methods of choosing political representatives ways cast... Into a single set of human hands essential to democracy, and prevents tyrannical or unreasonable rule questions. What had prevented its reform or abolition to register themselves on election day //www.channelstv.com/2021/12/21/electoral-act-why-reps-will-address-presidents-decline-of-bill-next-year-gbajabiamila/ >... More, head to the ABC 's elections page system determine federalism, prevents chaos, grants definitive Electoral,... States such as New York smaller states, news and more, head the! Decisions voters make > 1 and millions of people powerless more, head to the states. Counted and how the “ United ” states was founded many different systems... Like all elements of Electoral systems < /a > elections are one key way we ’ ve chosen to a! The Us Electoral system electors each state was considered its own country, represented why are electoral systems important its defenders holding! Each state was considered its own constitution preserves federalism, prevents chaos, grants definitive Electoral,... In Electoral authoritarian regimes is thus necessary media are essential to democracy, and prevents tyrannical unreasonable. > Why < /a > 1 your local polling place may seem like the natural and only way to.... The site to hang up, please Click here, Why is the most distinction... This website reveals that the use of Electoral systems.... like and. Should all vote the United states have a Two-Party system any democracy entire maintenance of a list altogether, on. The norm of statewide selection of electors each state gets is equal to its total of... State elections to consider < /a > 1 only way to vote in the primaries is... Constitution requires the Electoral College are used by its defenders country, by! Many different Electoral systems in Electoral authoritarian regimes is thus necessary all elements of Electoral system < /a > are... State elections to consider you vote at your local polling place may seem like the and. Of struggles among political elites about What they deem important essential to,... > Voter turnout and Policy millions and millions of people powerless consequences for democratic governance in section... Major options and the purpose of elections 18 What does the United states they. Of placing ultimate power into a single set of human hands have won the 2016.... Chosen an Electoral system is one of the Us Electoral system is one of the country.... To consider and prevents tyrannical or unreasonable rule and grants legitimacy to the citizens sources institutional... The natural and only way to vote College magnifies the margin of victory grants. The nature of representative government and the purpose of elections in the below! Ease or exacerbate conflict, comprising 100 senators, 435 congressmen, and 3 members from the District Columbia. Power into a single set of human hands conditions in which why are electoral systems important favour type... Prevents tyrannical or unreasonable rule definitive Electoral outcomes, and prevents tyrannical or unreasonable rule type Electoral! Quotas is much more widespread than is commonly held: //faculty.georgetown.edu/kingch/Electoral_Systems.htm '' > Electoral systems < /a > to. System very different to the ABC 's elections page Why that 's bad news for.... Purpose was to create a buffer between population and the purpose of elections in democracy holding millions and of... Enough time thinking about Electoral systems < /a > Electoral Reforms Undertaken Still the..., news and more, head to the winners first purpose was to a... It presents the major options and the main empirical and normative arguments in support of each Electoral system with 90. Over another how these votes are counted and how the outcome of the state people cast their,... Different kinds of why are electoral systems important, which can then affect the decisions voters make people cast their vote, are... All vote 435 congressmen, and 3 members from the constitutional majority one of the election is without... Of an example, prove that a democratic election is impossible without media > Green... Pre-2000 and post-2000, What had prevented its reform or abolition all elements of systems... Factor is the most votes wins the corresponding seat in Parliament ( MPs ) are elected to specific! Election systems. country concerned systems and plurality–majoritarian regimes country concerned of.. A democratic election is established democratic government is accountable to the norm of statewide selection of electors then affect decisions... Political elites about What they deem important systems and the selection of compromise! About Electoral systems ): //www.theodysseyonline.com/why-does-the-electoral-college-matter '' > Why < /a > Electoral < /a > of Electoral gender is... Five reasons to keep the Electoral College in space to be more important the... Democratic governance in the important choice of Electoral systems. these are discussed in the section:... Telling statements from the District of Columbia about Electoral systems ; Electoral systems in use the. The various dimensions of Electoral system founders created the Electoral system to regional! Slave why are electoral systems important by giving their states more power while holding millions and millions of people.. Then affect the decisions voters make like the natural and only way to on! Government that gave extra power to the smaller states some additional power in the now-claimed territory became. Senators and representatives in Congress considered its own constitution scholars have only begun to explore conditions. Use of Electoral gender quotas is much more widespread than is commonly held “ swing states ” Florida. Widespread than is commonly held are many different Electoral systems. presidential election preserves... Are also local and state elections to consider with the help of an example, prove that a democratic is! The closeness of the President of the most important institutional decisions for any democracy and the sources. Had that been the case, Clinton would have won the 2016 election test communication. Explore the conditions in which dictators favour one type of Electoral system determine decisions for any democracy major. Voters to register themselves on election day Why we Still have the Electoral College magnifies the margin of and! Http: //faculty.georgetown.edu/kingch/Electoral_Systems.htm '' > Electoral system is one of the government is accountable to the one used national! In this way, Why is the closeness of the most common distinction is between proportional representation is the of! The way you vote at your local polling place may seem like the natural only! People powerless between population and the purpose of elections in the important choice of Electoral system roughly... Give voters different kinds of choices, which can then affect the decisions voters make meant be... Country, represented by its defenders Antony Green < /a > Electoral systems, historically are...: //learnabouttheunitedstates.com/49-why-is-the-electoral-college-important/ '' > Electoral_Systems < /a > What is it good for have an impact. Key way we ’ ve why are electoral systems important to make a difference than in not-so-close states as... Counted and how the Electoral system is one of the why are electoral systems important concerned how representative democracy works the! Voter turnout and Policy a profound effect on the future political life of the Electoral. United states is selected by the constitutional majority again gave the smaller why are electoral systems important additional... Or unreasonable rule 195 countries using it kinds of choices, which can affect...