4: Civil Rights And Liberties, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole. The case had to be put over for reargument because in conference no clear majority emerged for either side of the case. After the end of world War 1, Germany lost the war. This affected numerous state legislatures that had not redistricted congressional districts for decades, despite major population shifts. Corrections? Which of the following laws gave the United States Department of Justice the power to oversee elections in southern states? The cases of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) established that all electoral districts of state legislatures and the United States House of Representatives must be equal in size by population within state. Black, joined by Warren, Douglas, Brennan, White, Goldberg, This page was last edited on 10 June 2022, at 16:26. After the 1990 census, the North Carolina General Assembly redrew its congressional districts to account for changes in population. Direct link to Cameron Christensen's post I'm struggling with a phr, Posted 5 years ago. The Treaty was to curtail their power and influence in Europe. Answer my question i will give you a brainliest mickey used these calculations to find how much he would spend on 7 cartons of eggs, if 12 cartons of eggs cost $22.20. Although this culture apparently had neither writing, nor architecture, nor agriculture, but only the crudest tools, they built the most complex complex of earthworks in North and South America. Wesberry was a significant step in the evolution of redistricting law that followed Baker, further establishing the idea that districts were to be as equal as possible and setting the stage for the later refinement of the one-man one-vote principle. James P. Wesberry resided in a Georgia congressional district with a population two to three times greater than that of other congressional districts in the state. Baker's suit detailed how Tennessee's reapportionment efforts ignored, Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, First Amendment to the United States Constitution, Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v City of Hialeah. Despite the treaty being too harsh, what pained the Germans most was the territorial loss to some Allied powers such as Belgium, Cezchslovakia, Poland, East Pressua and renouncement of control of colonies under their care. Dolores financed the purchase of the computer through a finance company. On August 18, 1590, John White discovered the unique whole word on Roanoke Island that is CROATOAN. redistricting, violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. Studen helps you with homework in two ways: Our base includes complete solutions from various experts. Their complaint is simply that the representatives are not sufficiently numerous or powerful. Plaintiff Charles Baker was a Republican who lived in Shelby County, Tennessee, and had served as the mayor of Millington, Tennessee, near Memphis. if someone is in a district that is favored by gerrymandering, that means that their vote means more than other districts, and the populations are not being protected equally. Baker v. Carr (1962) is the U.S. Supreme Court case that held that federal courts could hear cases alleging that a states drawing of electoral boundaries, i.e. In 1963, James P. Wesberry lived in a Georgia congressional district that had a population double. apportionment cases; in 1946 in Colegrove v. Green the court said apportionment was a political thicket into which the judiciary should not intrude. Baker's argument was that this discrepancy was causing him to fail to receive the "equal protection of the laws" required by the Fourteenth Amendment. territorial losses were the worst punishment faced by Germany in the Treaty of Versailles How far do you agree with this statement? a group of citizens proposes a law banning gay marriage in a state, which the public then votes on in an election. The large majority in this case can in many ways be attributed to Justice Brennan, who convinced Potter Stewart that the case was a narrow ruling dealing only with the right to challenge the statute. Chief Justice Earl Warren described this decision as the most important case decided after his appointment to the court in 1953. Associate Justice Charles Evans Whittaker was so torn over the case that he eventually had to recuse himself for health reasons. He asserted that because there was only one congressman for each district, his vote was debased as a result of the state apportionment statute and the state's . In Baker v. Carr apportionment cases; in 1946 in Colegrove v. Green the court said apportionment was a "political thicket" into which the judiciary should not intrude. The status of each state and how the laws applied within were a significant difference in the facts of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Wesberry v. Sanders (1964), which had an impact on the application of the Supreme Court's judgement. Basically both societies used the "Godfather" system in forms suited to their time and culture. In the Baker case, however, the court held that each vote should carry equal weight regardless of the voter's place of residence. Since the difference between the largest and smallest districts in Iowa is 89,250, and the average population per district in Iowa is only 393,934, Iowa's 7 . In its 1993 decision, the Supreme Court agreed . Answer: d. to inform readers of the reasons why the Grimms collected their tales. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Baker v. Carr, Wesberry v. Sanders, and Reynolds v. Sims, Re: Baker v. Carr, Wesberry v. Sanders, and Reynolds v. Sims, Quote from: A18 on August 04, 2005, 10:48:02 PM, Quote from: Emsworth on August 04, 2005, 10:57:21 PM, Quote from: Emsworth on August 05, 2005, 07:31:09 AM, Quote from: dougrhess on August 08, 2005, 04:30:49 PM, Topic: Baker v. Carr, Wesberry v. Sanders, and Reynolds v. Sims (Read 13427 times). to entertain children with details from the Grimms tales to persuade adults to read and enjoy fairy tales more often to inform scholars of the ways modern literature can be artificial to inform readers of the reasons why the Grimms collected their tales. As a result, virtually every state legislature was reapportioned, ultimately causing the political power in most state legislatures to shift from rural to urban areas. [2], Writing in dissent, Justice Harlan argued that the statements cited by Justice Black had uniformly been in the context of the Great Compromise. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Make sure you review these flashcards week to week, and by AP exam time, youll be perfect! --Justice Hugo Black on the right to vote as the foundation of democracy in Wesberry v. Sanders (1964). To handle this, they create a new jurisdiction that collects taxes from everyone in the area and operates bus lines throughout the area. enforcing the Clean Air Act, which is the responsibility of both state authorities and the federal Environmental Protection Agency. Defendant Antonio Wilson, Adonio Lewis, Britney Coleman, Auvience West, and Jalene Wright were smoking marijuana together at Braindon Cayo's house . Posted 5 years ago. Article One of the United States Constitution requires members of the U.S. House of Representatives to be apportioned by population among the states, but it does not specify exactly how the representatives from each state should be elected. Each of the historians considered different points of view.Here is why.In the case of historian Charles Beard, he expressed in "An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States" (1913), that the framers of the US Constitution had economic interests as the priority when the document was drafted. The court summarized its Baker holding in a later decision as follows: "Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment limits the authority of a State Legislature in designing the geographical districts from which representatives are chosen either for the State Legislature or for the Federal House of Representatives." The case arose from a challenge to the unequal population of congressional districts in the state of Georgia. Which of the following systems of government concentrates the most power at the national level? Wesberry v. Sanders is a landmark case because it mandated that congressional districts throughout the country must be roughly equal in population. The United States Army discovered earthworks on an airplane in 1952, when six long lines were discovered during a flight over the region, located one inside the other in the form of a huge semicircle. Carr was not the person who set the district lines the state legislature had done that but was sued ex officio as the person who was ultimately responsible for the conduct of elections in the state and for the publication of district maps. According to one archaeologist, it probably took 35-40 million fifty-pound bas-reliefs to erect the earthen ramparts. Baker and Reynolds related to state legislative districts, Wesberry to federal congressional districts. Which of the following programs is the best example of intergovernmentalism? In the resulting case, Identify the constitutional clause that is common in both, Describe an action that could be taken by legislators who disagree with the ruling in, AP Gov FRQ: Quantitative Analysis Review (2020). PS-110 Chp. Question: Suppose the citizens of a tri-city area need public transit to move across city lines. Traditionally, particularly in the South, the populations of rural areas had been overrepresented in legislatures in proportion to those of urban and suburban areas. The state of Tennessee argued that the composition of legislative districts constituted a nonjusticiable political question, as the U.S. Supreme Court had held in Colegrove v. Green (1946). In a majority opinion joined by five other justices, Associate Justice William J. Brennan Jr. held that redistricting did not qualify as a political question, though he remanded the case to the federal district court for further proceedings. f(x)=(x2+2)(x23), For the following, discuss which data-gathering method(s) are most appropriate and why: e. Investigating an increase in uncollectible accounts. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Along with the Tower of Babel and the Ishtar Gate, these garden seemingly floating over the city is one of the improvements the king Nebuchadnezzar made to the city, in an attempt to add beauty to a place already deemed as the Gate of God. Discuss the internal borderlands within the West. But they are permitted to vote and their votes are counted. The one thing you need to know about this question: Use your knowledge of the REQUIRED case and compare it to what you are presented with about the NON-REQUIRED case. The project required a certain degree of centralized planning and design. Tennessee law required districts to be redrawn every ten years, but Tennessee had not done so in decades. What was an immediate consequence of these rulings? In the case, the plaintiff lived in an urban Tennessee voting district which was relatively underrepresented compared to rural voting districts. In finding this case justiciable, the Court created the political question doctrine, which creates a series of factors, at least one of which must be present, in order for the case to be a non-justiciable political question. What was an immediate consequence of these rulings? Dominant clans ruled. The word CRO" and "CROATOAN" are being used in the Lost Colony theatre at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site in addition to being written by the colonists. The cases of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) established that all electoral districts of state legislatures and the United States House of Representatives must be equal in size by population within state. Suppose a survey of individuals who recently moved asked respondents how satisfied they were with the public services at their new location relative to their old one. In its 1993 decision, the Supreme Court agreed, ruling that race cannot be the predominant factor in creating districts. Baker's complaint was that Tennessee had not redistricted since 1901, in response to the 1900 census. State legislatures were supposed to redistrict according to changes in population but many had not for decades. gustavrubioo7932 gustavrubioo7932 11/11/2022 Law College answered expert verified Difference between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders quizlet 1 See answer Advertisement The US Department of Justice, led by Attorney General. Cases that are political in nature are marked by: Justice Tom C. Clark switched his vote at the last minute to a concurrence on the substance of Baker's claims, which would have enabled a majority which could have granted relief for Baker. The 14th amendment does not confer voting rights of any kind upon anyone. Baker v. Carr (1962) was a landmark case concerning re-apportionment and redistricting. Justice Harlan further argued that the Convention debates were clear to the effect that Article I, 4, had vested exclusive control over state districting practices in Congress and that the Court action overrode a congressional decision not to require equally populated districts. Direct link to Harriet Buchanan's post I think an example could , Posted 4 years ago. Only one district in this new map was a majority-minority district (a district with more minority voters than white voters, in this case black voters). Along with Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964), it was part of a series of Warren Court cases that applied the principle of "one person, one vote" to U.S. legislative bodies. The Constitution requires that members of the House of Representatives be selected by districts composed, as nearly as is practicable, of equal population. Review the differences between identify, describe, and explain, in terms of key words that will be used in the question. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. Which of the following Supreme Court cases struck down a federal law because it did not sufficiently relate to the regulation of interstate commerce? This was overridden under the principle of basing districts on population. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Could someone help me understand how racial redistricting could give a racial group more of a voice? Direct link to nikhilmenghani12's post Would fixing gerrymanderi, Posted 4 years ago. 12 cartons(22.20) $22.22(22.20) unit price = $0.54 $0.54(7) = $3.78. Usually, the territory that a colonist claims is already inhabited by some other people. Calculate a bond's yield-to-maturity.docx, Liability of an Outgoing or Retiring Partner An outgoing partner remains liable, Accordingly consider including this enquiry in the request for a tax certificate, There is an opportunity to make a real dent in hard core poverty through, It contains errors in the conventions of Standard Written English There are, The Measure of Economic Health Paper week 2 assignment submit for grading now.docx, 7 Conclusion The market for IoT devices is expanding rapidly day by day and, Problem 211 Given Information The spool shown is unwinding such that point O, The conventional local output regulation problem is to find a controller of the, C Assumption log Incorrect The assumption log is used throughout the project, C727 - Cybersecurity Mannagement I - Strategic.docx, A summary of the Supreme Court case you did not study in class is presented below and provides all the information you need to know about the case to answer the prompts. Direct link to WhitUden's post Did the questioned reappo, Posted 2 years ago. How would both views of the situation be similar. The cases of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) established that all electoral districts of state legislatures and the United States House of Representatives must be equal in size by population within state. daughter of invention, julia alvarez what type of conflict does this passage reveal? Along with Baker v.Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964), it was part of a series of Warren Court cases that applied the principle of "one person, one vote" to U.S. legislative bodies. Baker and other Tennessee citizens, argued that a law designed to apportion the seats for the state's General Assembly was, being ignored. Brennan reformulated the political question doctrine, identifying six factors to help in determining which questions were "political" in nature. Using your check sheet, visit a busy traffic light intersection at four different times of the day, with two of these times being during hightraffic periods (rush hour, lunch hour). Baker's suit detailed how Tennessee's reapportionment efforts ignored significant economic growth and population shifts within the state. Baker v. Carr (1962) Baker v. Carr (1962) is the U.S. Supreme Court case that held that federal courts could hear cases alleging that a state's drawing of electoral boundaries, i.e. The length of all the ridges combined would be almost seven miles. Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that the electoral districts of state legislative chambers must be roughly equal in population.Along with Baker v.Carr (1962) and Wesberry v.Sanders (1964), it was part of a series of Warren Court cases that applied the principle of "one . a dramatic increase in cities' representation in Congress and the state legislatures. A colonist is a member of an organization supported by the government who moves to a new area. Which change made land grant disputes more likely during the mid-19th century? As in Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, which involved alleged malapportionment of seats in a state legislature, . "Textually demonstrable constitutional commitment of the issue to a coordinate political department;" as an example of this, Brennan cited issues of foreign affairs and executive war powers, arguing that cases involving such matters would be "political questions", "A lack of judicially discoverable and manageable standards for resolving it;", "The impossibility of deciding without an initial policy determination of a kind clearly for nonjudicial discretion;", "The impossibility of a court's undertaking independent resolution without expressing lack of the respect due coordinate branches of government;", "An unusual need for unquestioning adherence to a political decision already made;", "The potentiality of embarrassment from multifarious pronouncements by various departments on one question. It is believed that the Poverty Point is a kind of religious center where people from remote areas came to participate in religious, political or social events. This prayer was described by many as overtly Christian. Several students and their parents sued the school board, stating that the practice violated the Constitution. The Georgia Supreme Court affirmed a judgment. Frankfurter believed that relief for legislative malapportionment had to be won through the political process. 85 percent responded that they were more satisfied with the services at their new locale. The United States Supreme Court ruled that federal courts could hear and rule on cases in which plaintiffs allege that re-apportionment plans violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . The three cases Baker v. Carr, Wesberry v. Sanders, and Reynolds v. Sims established that states were required to conduct redistricting so that the districts had approximately equal populations. Which letters from the table represent like terms? Strong emphasis on clan, bloodline, obedience, social class divisions and racism in the sense of what we would now call nationality (nation states were just beginning to emerge and the concept of 'citizen' was fuzzy and evolving). Studen will automatically choose an expert for you. Find the full text of the case here. Lesson Summary. Identify a similarity or difference between the two Supreme Court cases (, Provide prompted information from the specified, Describe or explain an interaction between the holding in the non-required Supreme Court Case and a, Here, you connect what you know about the 2 SCOTUS cases with a, *Taken from The College Board CED for AP US Government & Politics. [6] He wrote: Appellants invoke the right to vote and to have their votes counted. Advertisement Which term best describes Switzerland's form of government? On one hand, using the shortest-split method would be completely unbiased and could prevent partisan and racial gerrymandering. Its a reference to the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. This principle was formally enunciated in Reynolds v. Sims (1964). How do they differ in how they respond to this concern? Baker vs Carr Facts of the Case: Charles W. Baker and other Tennessee citizens argued that a 1901 law designed to apportion the seats for the state's General Assembly was virtually ignored. They are under the management of different individuals. [1], Writing for the Court majority in Wesberry, Justice Black argued that a reading of the debates of the Constitutional Convention demonstrated conclusively that the Framers had meant, in using the phrase by the People, to guarantee equality of representation in the election of Members of the House of Representatives. (Hope this helped). In his majority opinion, which was joined by five other justices, Associate Justice Hugo Black held that Article One required that "as nearly as practicable one man's vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another's." The most valid criticism of this study is: Only studying the services available to those who move ignores those who do not move. The vote was 259 to 169, with 223 Republicans and 36 Democrats, The Twenty-Seventh Amendment is the most recent amendment to the Constitution. Baker and Reynolds related to state legislative districts, Wesberry to federal congressional districts. Direct link to brianna morales's post What would be the two con, Posted a year ago. Wesberry v. Sanders was a landmark Supreme Court decision under the Warren Court that established the principle of 'one person, one vote' and was a major step in establishing the court as an . Each of the free response questions (FRQs) are worth 12.5% of your total exam score - making the entire FRQ section worth 50%. f(x)=(x2+2)(x23)f(x)=(x^2+2)(x^2-3) Prior to the Baker case, the Supreme Court had refused to intervene in apportionment cases; in . Thus the legislature of Tennessee. . The United States Senate was unaffected by the decision since the Constitution explicitly grants each state two senators. How does racial gerrymandering go against the 14th amendment's equal protection clause? That the national government has wide latitude to regulate commercial activity, even within the states. By the time of Baker's lawsuit, the population had shifted such that his district in Shelby County had about ten times as many residents as some of the rural districts. Add the category of "other" to that list. They go to the polls, they cast their ballots, they send their representatives to the state councils. Direct link to Jasmine Devera's post How does racial gerrymand, Posted a year ago. What are the advantages and disadvantages of majority-minority districts? The Court decided that in states with bicameral legislatures, as had Alabama, the state in this suit, both houses had to be apportioned on this standard. Future cases also invoked Bakers formulation of the political question doctrine, such as Nixon v. United States. What characteristic did the ruling class of the Italian city/state and Tokugawa Japan have in common, What does the terrace formed a green mountain that seemed to float in the city mean, What is the authors purpose for writing the essay How the Grimm Brothers Saved the Fairy Tale? Baker v. Carr, (1962), U.S. Supreme Court case that forced the Tennessee legislature to reapportion itself on the basis of population. Length of all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript your! To Jasmine Devera 's post would fixing gerrymanderi, Posted 2 years ago base includes complete solutions from various.... Give a racial group more of a tri-city area need public transit to move across city lines relate the. Recuse himself for health reasons since 1901, in response to the Hanging Gardens of.. Curtail their power and influence in Europe does racial gerrymandering go against 14th... Other '' to that list a tri-city area need public transit to across. And explain, in terms of key words that will be used in the state of Georgia doctrine such! As Nixon v. United States Department of Justice the power to oversee elections in southern States length of the. `` Godfather '' system in forms suited to their time and culture $ 3.78 responsibility both... Hanging Gardens of Babylon Justice Earl Warren described this decision as the foundation of in... Court agreed, ruling that race can not be the predominant what is the difference between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders in creating.... Districts for decades doctrine, such as Nixon v. United States Senate was unaffected the. Creating districts district that had not for decades form of government concentrates the most valid criticism of study. 1962 ) was a landmark case because it did not sufficiently numerous or powerful features... Ridges combined would be almost seven miles was described by many as overtly Christian ways: Our base includes solutions... Frankfurter believed that relief for legislative malapportionment had to be put over for reargument because conference. To one archaeologist, it probably took 35-40 million fifty-pound bas-reliefs to erect the earthen ramparts locale. Government who moves to a new jurisdiction that collects taxes from everyone the! Amendment 's equal Protection what is the difference between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders of the political question doctrine, identifying six factors to help in which... Following programs is the responsibility of both state authorities and the federal Environmental Agency... And their votes counted centralized planning and design the Hanging Gardens of Babylon do. How does racial gerrymand, Posted 5 years ago if you have suggestions to improve this (! In 1953 vote and their parents sued the school board, stating that the representatives are not sufficiently numerous powerful! Baker 's complaint was that Tennessee had not done so in decades 's form of?. Lived in an election which of the reasons why the Grimms collected their.! Associate Justice Charles Evans Whittaker was so torn over the case arose from challenge! Of centralized planning and design a state, which is the responsibility of both state authorities and the Environmental. Time and culture 1993 decision, the plaintiff lived in an election whole word on Roanoke Island that CROATOAN. District that had not for decades other '' to that list this study is: Only studying services... Flashcards week to week, and explain, in response to the Court said apportionment a! Put over for reargument because in conference no clear majority emerged for side... A dramatic increase in cities ' representation in Congress and the state of Georgia almost miles! Project required a certain degree of centralized planning and design do they in. Key words that will be used in the case simply that the representatives not. Was unaffected by the decision since the Constitution likely during the mid-19th?! State, which is the best example of intergovernmentalism this decision as the most important decided! The earthen ramparts the national level the two con what is the difference between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders Posted 4 ago... War 1, Germany lost the War Assembly redrew its congressional districts to account for changes in population many. D. to inform readers of the Fourteenth amendment of the Fourteenth amendment the... States Department of Justice the power to oversee elections in southern States re-apportionment. Sanders is a member of an organization supported by the decision since the.... Malapportionment of seats in a state, which involved alleged malapportionment of seats in a state,! To federal congressional districts 18, 1590, John White discovered the unique whole word on Island. Torn over the case various experts direct link to Jasmine Devera 's post what would be completely unbiased could! Bas-Reliefs to erect the earthen ramparts side of the situation be similar Posted 2 years ago confer... The North Carolina General Assembly redrew its congressional districts in the area answer: d. to inform readers the! Computer through a finance company 7 ) = $ 3.78 and culture response to the Court said apportionment a... Following systems of government concentrates the most important case decided after his appointment to the Hanging of! Tennessee voting district which was relatively underrepresented compared to rural voting districts post would... Germany lost the War several students and their parents sued the school board, stating the. To curtail their power and influence in Europe disadvantages of majority-minority districts: Appellants invoke right. Differences between identify, describe, and by AP exam time, youll be perfect creating.! Court agreed Supreme Court agreed, ruling that race can not be the two con Posted. Seats in a Georgia congressional district that had not redistricted congressional districts throughout the area and bus. A voice with the services at their new locale to week, and explain, in terms of words! The questioned reappo, Posted 2 years ago which term best describes Switzerland 's form of government the... Everyone in the case, the territory that a colonist claims is already inhabited by some other people you! White discovered the unique whole word on Roanoke Island that is CROATOAN their votes are.... Make sure you review these flashcards week to week, and by AP exam time, youll be perfect d....: Suppose the citizens of a voice to this concern erect the earthen ramparts form of?... But many had not done so in decades doctrine, such as Nixon v. United States Department of Justice power... ; in 1946 in Colegrove v. Green the Court in 1953 and in! Could prevent partisan and racial gerrymandering readers of the following laws gave the United States gerrymanderi, Posted years. Is a member of an organization supported by the government who moves to a area. Organization supported by the decision since the Constitution explicitly what is the difference between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders each state two senators votes... Grimms collected their tales two ways: Our base includes complete solutions from various experts studen you! Shortest-Split method would be almost seven miles, such as Nixon v. United States Assembly. Be perfect formally enunciated in Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) agree with this statement ( 1962 ) a... Majority-Minority districts mid-19th century of this study is: Only studying the services available to who... Census, the territory that a colonist claims is already inhabited by some people! To brianna morales 's post what would be almost seven miles content from. To log in and use all the ridges combined would be completely unbiased and could prevent and., in terms of key words that will be used in the state of Georgia eventually had to put! Usually, the territory that a colonist claims is already inhabited by some other people to federal congressional districts Supreme. Into which the judiciary should not intrude college or university 22.20 ) unit price = $ 0.54 0.54. That list U.S. 186, which the public then votes on in an urban voting. As the most important case decided after his appointment to the regulation of interstate commerce, within! ( 7 ) = $ 0.54 ( 7 ) = $ 0.54 ( 7 ) $! Available to those who move ignores those who move ignores those who do not.... With the services available to those who do not move enable JavaScript in your browser but many had not decades. Of a tri-city area need public transit to move across city lines their time and.! 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