the Urals The Ural (YOO-ruh-l) mountains or the Urals act as a natural boundary between Europe and Asia. [18] This island is located in the Alboran Sea, 50km (31mi) north of the Moroccan coast and 90km (56mi) south of Spain. This area is so dry, hot, and barren that few people live there.In addition to the hot plateaus and deserts in mainland Australia, the continent also features lush equatorial rainforests on the island of New Guinea, tropical beaches, and high mountain peaks and glaciers in New Zealand.Most of Australias people live in cities along the southern and eastern coasts of the mainland. In terms of associating its oceanic islands with either continent, the boundary is usually drawn between Greenland and Iceland and between Bermuda and the Azores' Grupo Ocidental (Western Group)all other North Atlantic islands are continental. [33][34][35][4] Indonesia's current ownership of Western New Guinea makes it a transcontinental country; Western New Guinea is often considered part of Oceania because of its Indigenous Melanesian inhabitants and geological association with the Australian continental landmass. (Therift valleyactually starts in southwestern Asia.) Over time, these islands grew bigger, partly as the result of more lava flows and partly from the buildup of material scraped off descending plates. Shields are bare rocks that may be the roots or cores of ancient mountain ranges that have completely eroded away. The moving ice wore away material on top of ancient rock layers, exposing some of the oldest formations on Earth. Ascension Island, the South Sandwich Islands). However, the population of Europe is more than twice that of South America. Another example is the grouping into Oceania of the Pacific Islands with Australia and Zealandia. a. Ural mountains b. When plates carrying islands subducted, the islands themselves did not descend into the mantle. There is a significantly uneven distribution of people between the two portions of the country with the European portion being home to over 75% of the country's population. The North American Plate carries eastern Siberia and the northern islands of Japan.AustraliaIn addition to being the smallest continent, Australia is the flattest and the second-driest, after Antarctica. Bermuda, the Australian Indian Ocean Territories) or by common geopolitical convention (e.g. Europe is considered a separate continent from Asia because of its distinct historical, cultural, and political identity, rather than any clear geographical demarcation. As the youngest and steepest of Europes mountains, the Alps geologically resemble the Rockies of North America, another young range.A large area of gently rolling plains extends from northern France eastward to the Urals. In fact, some readers find it difficult to accept the landmass forming Europe and Asia as separate continents in any context other than the study of the 20th-century history. "[43], The United Nations and The World Factbook categorize the Australian Indian Ocean external territories of Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands (both geographically adjacent to Java) as being part of Oceania, rather than Asia. All continents border at least one ocean. The geographical notion of a continent stands in opposition to islands and archipelagos. However, the international geographic community has never reached a universal agreement on continental borders, especially with regard to the Caucasus region between the Black and Caspian seas. The Mountain range averages 3,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea level. MicrocontinentsIn addition to the seven major continents, Earth is home to microcontinents, or pieces of land that are not geologically identified with a continent. Khachmaz, Quba, Qusar, Shabran, and Siazan) located north of the Greater Caucasus Watershed and thus geographically in Europe, whereas the rest arguably falls under Asia.[91]. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. What is Greece's easternmost city? The Suez Canal happens to traverse the isthmus between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, dividing Africa and Asia. Parts of Central Asia, including the Gobi Desert in China and Mongolia, are dry year-round. For the part which is called Asia extends from the south through the east to the north; Europe, from the north to the west; and Africa thence from the west to the south. The continents of Europe and Asia, for example, are actually part of a single,enormouspiece of land called Eurasia. For example, one includes Eurasia (Europe and Asia combined). However, the segment covered by the Ural River is yet to be determined. Many Amazonian plant species are sources of food andmedicinefor the rest of the world. [23], The French Crozet Islands, le Amsterdam, le Saint-Paul, and the Norwegian Bouvet Island are also located on the Antarctic continental plate, and are not often associated with other continents. Continuous, slow movement of tectonic plates also changes surface features.The rocks that form the continents have been shaped and reshaped many times. Geologists call thissupercontinent Pangaea, which means all lands in Greek.By about 200 million years ago, the forces that helped form Pangaea caused the supercontinent to begin to break apart. One way mountains form is through the collision of two tectonic plates. The rich valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in western Asia is called the Fertile Crescent for its place in the development of agriculture and human civilization.Asia is the most mountainous of all the continents. But at Panamas narrowest part, the continent is just 50 kilometers (31 miles) across.Young mountainsincluding the Rockies, North Americas largest chainrise in the West. [57] Australia, Guam and Northern Mariana Islands currently compete in the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), with Australia and Northern Mariana Islands having originally been part of the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC). The continent has a wide range of climate regions, frompolarin theSiberian Arctic to tropical in equatorial Indonesia. Massiveice sheets have come and gone, sculpting the landscape in the process.Today, all continents have great mountain ranges,vastplains,extensiveplateaus, andcomplexriver systems. Dardanelles. Asglaciers retreated, streams of melted ice dropped sediment on the land, building layers offertilesoil in the plains region.Graingrown in this region, called the breadbasket of North America, feeds a large part of the world.North America contains a variety of natural wonders. The continuous smashing of spacedebrisand the pull ofgravitymade the inside of Earth heat up. More specifically, the small islands of Kastellorizo, Strongyli Megistis, and Ro (all these islands are still in the Dodecanese group) are directly to the south of the Turkish Anatolia coastline, of which they are directly adjacent. The circumstance of these islands is akin to that of the ABC islands, as both the ABC islands and the Venezuelan islands are at an equivalent range from the Venezuelan mainland. Two islands in the Caribbean are legally a direct part of France, Guadeloupe and Martinique. Carpathian Mountains, a major mountain range in Central and Southern Europe. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. A single Spanish islet, known as Alboran Island, is also debatably located on either the African Plate or the Eurasian Plate. From north to south, Africa stretches about 8,000 kilometers (5,000 miles). Europe has no clear geographical demarcations to separate it from Asia and is yet considered a different continent. [citation needed] Two provinces of Indonesia are located at the western half of New Guinea, geologically a part of the Australian continent. Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography. Other people think the border can or should be defined by some weird concoction of all these geographical points. The nations of Russia and Kazakhstanstraddleboth continents. Furthermore, Argentina, a South American country, maintains its irredentist claims on all of these islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom. North America and Europe are moving away from each other at the rate of about 2.5 centimeters (one inch) per year. Two of the French territories are the inhabited overseas departments and regions of Mayotte and Runion. The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by a narrow passage called the Strait of Gibraltar. Mediterranean Sea, an intercontinental sea that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to Asia on the east and separates Europe from Africa. Because of its original inhabitants, It is culturally part of the Oceania subregion Polynesia, though politically it came to be associated with South America. For hundreds of thousands of years, sheets of ice up to 3.2 kilometers (two miles) thick coated the Canadian Shield. Which one of the following mountain ranges separates Europe from Asia? The uninhabited Spanish unincorporated overseas minor territories, known as the plazas de soberana ("Localities of Sovereignty"),[19] are small islands that lie immediately adjacent to the North African coastline, with the exception of Pen de Vlez de la Gomera, which was originally an island like the other 'localities' but has subsequently become directly connected to the Moroccan (African) mainland. This 13-kilometer-wide waterway also separates Europe and Africa, with Spain and Gibraltar on the left and Morocco on the right. The Ural Mountain watershed forms a natural boundary separating the two continents. The reef itself is 1,920 kilometers (1,200 miles) of living coral communities. [121][48][122][123][124][125] Oceanic southeastern Pacific islands such as Clipperton and Galpagos were never inhabited by Indigenous peoples of the Americas,[126] unlike with the Atlantic Ocean's Caribbean Islands. The question was still treated as a controversy in geographical literature of the 1860s, with Douglas Freshfield advocating the Caucasus crest boundary as the best possible, citing support from various modern geographers.[79]. Greenland is geographically part of North America. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, List of countries bordering on two or more oceans, List of former transcontinental countries, List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent, "Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings", "10 African countries with the highest GDP per capita, according to latest data", "The Economic and Social Impacts of the COVID-19 Crisis on Eastern Africa", "Seismicity and active tectonics in the Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean: Constraints from an offshoreonshore seismological network and swath bathymetry data", "plaza #5 | Diccionario de la lengua espaola", "Advance Australia far: Our most remote outposts", "Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands", "UK 'regrets' Falklands war deaths | News", "4. The collision continues today, causing the Himalayas to grow taller every year.Recently formed mountains, calledcoastal ranges, rise near the western coasts of North America and South America. The existence of these territories further blurs the line between the borders of Africa and Europe, in particular with regard to the Spanish territories which lie immediately adjacent to and/or connected to the African mainland. Istanbul straddles the continents of Europe and Asia across the Bosphorus Strait. One commonly accepted border follows the Aegean Sea, the DardanellesSea of MarmaraBosporus (together known as the Turkish Straits), the Black Sea, along the watershed of the Greater Caucasus, the northwestern portion of the Caspian Sea, and along the Ural River and Ural Mountains to the Kara Sea, as mapped and listed in most atlases including that of the National Geographic Society and as described in The World Factbook. As the ocean does not separate the two continents, they both exist on the same landmass. The first being if Fsim is less than n_ins, the second if Fsim is between n_ins and n_tot, and the third if Fsim is above n_t. It is for these reasons that Pacific Ocean islands from Japan, through the Philippines and Indonesia, which are adjacent to the Asian mainland, do not have oceanic cultures, and are therefore not part of Oceania. All of these Mediterranean islands, including Malta and Sicily, are actually located on the African Plate, and could be considered part of the African continent geologically. [44][45], Japan possesses the Bonin Islands (also known as the Ogasawara Islands),[46] the Volcano Islands, and three remote islets (Nishinoshima, Minami-Tori-shima and Okinotorishima), all governed collectively as Ogasawara Village, which is an administrative division consisting of scattered island atolls located in the Pacific Ocean. [93] Russia is historically, culturally, and politically a European state, with a history of imperial conquests in Asia. Take my money by being a roleplayer. Answer (1 of 114): I feel both inspired and somehow out of calmness. Russia is also an Asian country since almost 75% of the Russian Territory falls in Asia. Whence two parts are seen to occupy half the world, Europe and Africa, whereas the other half, Asia alone. As geographic knowledge of the Greeks increased during the Hellenistic period,[72] this archaic convention was revised, and the boundary between Asia and Europe was now considered to be the Tanais (the modern Don River). It is among the easternmost and least remote of the oceanic island groups in the southeastern Pacific. Related: Is There Such a Thing as . A very small portion of the total land area is made up of islands that are not considered physical parts of continents. As such, they are likely considered to also be part of Oceania by the United Nations. To the south, the KumaManych Depression was identified circa 1773 by a German naturalist, Peter Simon Pallas, as a valley that, once upon a time, connected the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea,[77][78] and subsequently was proposed as a natural boundary between continents. According to the EUs geographic requirement, the definition of Europe is culturally and geographically intertwined and therefore is subject to political discretion. Is Eurasia bigger than Africa? The convention was also followed by the Herodotus in the 5th BC. United Kingdom. This colonization process had adrasticimpact on the economic and political development of those continents, as well as Europe.In the east, the Ural Mountains separate Europe from Asia. Confusion surrounding the definition of the two continents leads to more geographers identifying six continents only, by merging Europe and Asia to form Eurasia. [46][52] The most remote island within this group, Minami-Tori-shima (also known as Marcus Island) is nearly 2,000 km removed from Tokyo, and is geographically closer to the Micronesian territories of Guam and Northern Mariana Islands. Byzantium. Singapore, the British Isles) or being a part of a microcontinent on the same principal tectonic plate (e.g. The Ural Mountain range the natural boundary between Europe and Asia extends about 2 100 km (1 300 mi) south from the Arctic Ocean to the northern border of Kazakhstan. Europe is a landmass located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. The two masses of land were separated by a complex waterway flowing from the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Azov. The growing of wheat is a majorindustryin the pampas.Grazing animals, such ascattleand sheep, are also raised in the pampas region.In northern South America, the Amazon River and its tributaries flow through the worlds largest tropicalrainforest. The most active volcano is Mount Erebus, which is less than 1,392 kilometers (870 miles) from the South Pole. Acontinental shelfis a gently sloping area that extends outward from thebeachfar into the ocean. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. This most notably includes the British Isles (part of the European continental shelf and during the Ice Age of the continent itself); the islands of the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Mediterranean that are part of the territory of a country situated on the European mainland; the Azores on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, part of Portugal; and usually also the island states of Iceland (part of Norway and/or Denmark from 13th to early 20th centuries) and Malta. The Aleutian Islands are an island chain extending westward from the Alaskan Peninsula toward Russia's Komandorski Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula. The Norwegian islands of Jan Mayen and Svalbard in the Arctic Ocean are usually associated with Europe. Another range, the Kjlen Mountains, extends along the northern part of the border between Sweden and Norway. In the 19th century, many geographers divided up Oceania into mostly racially-based subdivisions; Australasia, Malaysia (encompassing the Malay Archipelago), Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. "[66] Definitions of Oceania which include Taiwan are extremely rare, due to their historical ties to mainland Asia, their proximity to China (being 180 km removed), and the fact that they lie on the continental shelf of Asia. [76][77] The mapmakers continued to differ on the boundary between the lower Don and Samara well into the 19th century. This makes for an interesting history, albeit a slightly confusing one! Heavier material sank toward Earths center. The red sea c. The rhine d. The alps 2 See answers Advertisement More water flows from it than from the next six largest rivers combined.South America is also home to the worlds highestwaterfall, Angel Falls, in the country of Venezuela. She or he will best know the preferred format. One formal means by which states are grouped into one specified continental area or another is by using the definition used for statistical purposes by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD):[4] According to UNSD,"assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories". This ancient "sea between the lands" occupies a deep, elongated, and almost landlocked irregular depression lying between latitudes 30 and 46 N and longitudes 550 W and 36 . Their materialfused with that of islands on the neighboring plate. These rich areas are ideal foragriculture. [113][114][115][116][117][118][119] The Galpagos Islands lie on the Nazca Plate and are thought of as being included in Oceania due to their geographical distance from South America in the Pacific Ocean, and their oceanic geology. He wrote, "Before the advent of Europeans into the Pacific, our cultures were truly oceanic, in the sense that the sea barrier shielded us for millennia from the great cultural influences that raged through continental land masses and adjacent islands. A series of falls andrapidsalong the southern part of the river makes navigation difficult. If you could visit the planet in the future, you might find that part of the United States's state of California had separated from North America and become an island. [136][137] Some consider the islands to be the easternmost areas of the Oceanian biogeographical realm. It has often been called the incubator of Western civilization. The reason is historical, the division of Asia and Europe going back to the early Greek geographers. [95] The Russian and Kazakhstani cities of Magnitogorsk, Orenburg, and Atyrau fall on the Ural River, making them transcontinental cities as well. Greenland is the only place besides Antarctica that still has an ice sheet.From the freezing Arctic to thetropicaljungles of Central America, North America enjoys moreclimatevariation than any other continent. Answer:In the east, the Ural Mountains separate Europe from Asia. Its frequent eruptions are evidenced by hot, molten rock beneath the continents icy surface.Antarctica does not have any countries. [28] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands do not have any permanent residents. There is no Europe but it is a part of Asia. About 480 million years ago, most continents were scattered chunks of land lying along or south of theEquator. Only Oceania has less landmass. The southern part of the South Island of New Zealand sits on the Pacific Plate.AntarcticaAntarctica is the windiest, driest, and iciest place on Earth. The continent of Europe is on the Northern Hemisphere and halfway on the Eastern Hemisphere, while the continent of Asia is on the Eastern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere. So I will make this answer long and will flavor it with a bit of flame, too. The continent of Europe is separated from Asia by the Ural mountains, the Caspian sea, the Black Sea and the Caucasus mountains. The Bering Strait and Bering Sea separate the landmasses of Asia and North America, as well as forming the international boundary between Russia and the United States. Europe has more than 40 countries and many of the worlds major cities, including London, the United Kingdom; Paris, France; Berlin, Germany; Rome, Italy; Madrid, Spain; and Moscow, Russia.Most European countries have access to the ocean. [58] Guam was never an official OFC member, although they exclusively played against teams from Oceania prior to joining the AFC. The continental boundaries are considered to be within the very narrow land connections joining the continents. [36][37] East Timor, an independent state that was formerly a part of Indonesia, is classified by the United Nations as a part of the South-eastern Asia subregion. The boundary between Europe and Asia has been changed many times throughout history. Both are located on the Nazca Plate and to the east of Salas y Gmez and Easter Island. These volcanic areas are fueled by heat generated as a large oceanic plate, called the Nazca Plate, grinds beneath the plate carrying South America.The central-southern area of South America haspampas, or plains. 30 seconds. Similarly, James Bruce in 1835 published Travels through part of Africa, Syria, Egypt, and Arabia. As the landmass of India pushes northward into the landmass of Eurasia, parts of the Himalayas rise at a rate of about 2.5 centimeters (one inch) every five years.Asia contains, not only, Earths highest elevation, but also its lowest place on land: the shores of the Dead Sea in the countries of Israel and Jordan. [39], Occasionally, all of the Malay Archipelago is included in Oceania, although this is extremely rare, especially as most of the archipelago lies on the Asian continental shelf. The area of the ocean is more than double the area of all the continents combined. It is even possible that another supercontinent may form someday.Continental FeaturesThe surface of the continents has changed many times because of mountain building,weathering,erosion, and build-up ofsediment. Russia's Vaygach Island and Novaya Zemlya extend northward from the northern end of the Ural Mountains and are a continuation of that chain into the Arctic Ocean. Further, most Soviet Geographers preferred the boundary along the Caucasus Crest. For this reason, continental crust is much, much older than oceanic crust.Wandering ContinentsIf you could visit Earth as it was millions of years ago, it would look very different. The Himalayas C. The Urals D. None of these Last updated date: 22nd Feb 2023 Total views: 244.5k Views today: 3.30k Answer Verified 244.5k + views Hint: A mountain range is a series of mountains or hills in a line that is connected by higher ground. The idea of Egypt being an "African" country seems to develop in around the mid-19th century;[citation needed] the term Africa was classically reserved for what is now known as the Maghreb, to the explicit exclusion of Egypt, but with the exploration of Africa, the shape of the African landmass (and Egypt's "natural" inclusion in that landmass) became apparent. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. The range's highest peak is Russia's Mount Narodnaya, at 6,217 feet. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. The continent is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Caspian Sea in the southeast, and the Mediterranean and Black Seas in the south. When you stand on the oldest part of the Canadian Shield, you stand directly on rocks that formed more than 3.5 billion years ago.North AmericaNorth America, the third-largest continent, extends from the tiny Aleutian Islands in the northwest to theIsthmusof Panama in the south. Russia and Turkey are located on both continents. [58] All three are members of the Pacific Islands Forum, the major governing body for the Oceania region, with Australia being a founding member in 1971. More than 50 of the highest peaks in the world are in Asia. March 01 2023 06:27 AM. Microcontinents, like New Zealand, lack cratons.Cratons have two forms:shields andplatforms. the Carpathian Mountains. None are discrete political entities like Heard Island and McDonald Islands. A continent is one of Earths seven main divisions of land. Some geographers place the country of Georgia entirely in Europe while others classify it as a transcontinental country that spans both Asia and Europe. The Nile has played an important role in the history of Africa. But another combines North and South America (the Americas) instead, with Europe and Asia separate. The eastern boundary between the two continents cut Russia into two, the European side of Russia and the Asian part. Its transition into Asia is permitted by a continuous land mass. On the other hand, the Venezuelan Isla Aves and the Colombian San Andrs and Providencia lie on the North American shelf. The continents have not always been where they are today. The threefold system by Herodotus divided the old world into three: Europe, Africa, and Asia. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. [1] An island can be considered to be associated with a given continent by either lying on the continent's adjacent continental shelf (e.g. The Early Inscriptions of Indonesia and the Problem of the Sanskrit Cosmopolis", "Australia's history with East Timor isn't pretty but it must be told truthfully | Paul Daley", "Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond: Oceania", "BMR Cruise 107: Seabed Morphology and Offshore Resources around Christmas Island, Indian Ocean", "Conservation values in Commonwealth waters of the Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Island remote Australian territories", "Pacific Islands | Countries, Map, & Facts | Britannica", "A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World", "Spatial Data Infrastructure Work in Japan 2000 2003", "The Ryukyu Islands and the Northern Frontier of Prehistoric Austronesian Settlement", "The curious case of Northern Mariana Islands and what OFC can learn from it - Football in Oceania", "The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) | Coopration Rgionale et Relations Extrieures de la Nouvelle-Caldonie", "Regarding the agenda/ decisions of the 29th EAFF Executive Committee Meeting", "New Zealand's long-lost Taiwanese cuzzies", "Oceania | Definition, Population, & Facts | Britannica", "Indian National Football Team: Know Your Rivals - Chinese Taipei", "Boundary of Europe and Asia along Urals", "10 things you might not know about Georgia", "BBC - Religions - Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Church", "Which Cities Are Located On Two Continents? There is a huge landmass on the Earth's surface called Eurasia. [4] The islands lie within the bounds of the Australian Plate, and were uninhabited prior to European discovery in the 17th century. 29. r/albiononline. The Aleutian Islands are sometimes associated with Oceania, owing to their status as remote Pacific islands, and their proximity to the Pacific Plate. [14][15][16] However, for political and cultural reasons, maps generally display them as part of Europe instead.[17]. Cyprus is a member of the European Union, where as Georgia has been explicitly told that it is eligible to apply for EU membership like any other European state. The Caspian Sea forms the next major segment of the boundary. I have heard arguments made on the grounds of cultural, ethnic and linguistic diversity, but the Asian countries are just as culturally and linguistically separate from each other as Europe is from the rest of Asia. How Is The Border Between Europe And Asia Defined? [51] Scientific journal PLOS One describe Easter Island, the Desventurudas Islands, the Juan Fernndez Islands and Salas y Gmez (collectively titled Insular Chile) as having "cultural and ecological connections to the broader insular Pacific."[137]. Lived the government, private, and non-profit worlds. The dark meteorites, often made of metals like iron, stand out from the white landscape of most of the continent.Antarctica is almost completely covered with ice, sometimes as thick as 3.2 kilometers (two miles). However, controversies exist over the exact boundary. The continent is sometimes called Oceania, to include the thousands of tiny islands of the Central Pacific and South Pacific, most notably Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (including the U.S. state of Hawai'i). The United Nations categorize Bouvet Island as part of South America,[4] while the World Factbook categorizes it as part of Antarctica. The nearness of these bodies of water and thenavigationof many of Europes rivers played a major role in the continents history. Additionally, the adjacent Venezuelan islands of Nueva Esparta and the islands of the Venezuelan Federal Dependencies can be considered to be a part of the Caribbean instead of part of South America. Europe is sometimes described as a peninsula of peninsulas. Europe and Asia are considered as separate continents because of the physical features and water bodies that mark their boundaries, such as the Caucasus Mountains, and the Black and Caspian. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This Ice Agereached its peak about 18,000 years ago. Biogeographical realm continuous, slow movement of tectonic plates geographical notion of a continent is one of the River navigation... Rocks that form the continents history played a major mountain range averages 3,000 to 4,000 above... 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