By Matt Heerema, Nov 2013. Place of Deacon. Deacons and Deaconesses - A Study by Matt Heerema ... The exact relationship between male and female deacons varies. "At the beginning of the second century a letter from Pliny the Younger, governor of Bithynia, mentioned two women who were described by the Christians as ministrae, the probable equivalent of the Greek diakonoi (10, 96-97). Moreover, Pliny refers to "two female slaves, who were styled deaconesses" in the early second century church (Pliny the Younger Letters 10:96). Third, there is extra-biblical evidence corroborating the fact that there were female deacons in the Church. Summary . In order to know the truth about the Christians it was necessary, Pliny declared, to torture two servants (ancillae) who were called ministers (ministrae). 2014 Session 5: Deaconess — Dignified February 9, 2014 2014 early Christian community , female , leadership , male , Romans , women , women in ministry fwray In this session, Dr. Nunnally continues with an examination of the two lists of believers found in Romans 16. 3. Pliny the Younger - Women Deacons Pliny the younger, about a.d. 104, appears to refer to them in his letter to Trajan, in which he speaks of the torture of two maids who were called minestrae (female ministers). Governor Pliny the Younger had a lot of trouble with Christians in Bythinia. The "Apostolical Constitutions" distinguish deaconesses from widows and virgins, prescribe their duties, and a form for their ordination. 3. y to extract the real truth, with the assistance of torture, from two female slaves, who were styled deaconesses "7 This is an excellent summary of the origin and spread of the office of deaconess. the deaconesses) be grave," etc. In the Anglican church, for example, the diaconate is an ordained office. (182) Other cases do not refer to deaconesses, but to widows . There is also independent evidence in the letter of Pliny the Younger to the Emperor Trajan about female deacons whom he had tortured during the second century. Literary source. women in ministry | Central Faithbuilders Pliny, however, is not an entirely reliable witness to Christian doctrine or practice. Olympias was a friend of St John Chrysostom. 1! Deacon - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader What the role or frequency of women deacons was not spelled out. Where the Bible does not use the term deaconess, a woman named Phoebe is mentioned in Romans 16:1-2 as a deacon in the church at Cenechreae. Proposition: Women may be ordained as deacons and every ... Tertullian (220) speaks of them often, and prescribes their qualifications (see below). PDF Conclusions Regarding the Female Diaconate In Matthew 8:15, Luke 10:40, and Acts 6:2, the authors used the verb diakone in connection with serving food and other aspects of ministry. In a letter, Pliny the Younger attests to the role of women deacons. As more evidence, deaconesses are noted in other second and third century documents as officeholders in the church. Pliny the younger, about a.d. 104, appears to refer to them in his letter to Trajan, in which he speaks of the torture of two maids who were called minestrae (female ministers). 편지에서 Pliny the Younger 는 여성 집사의 역할을 증명합니다. Female deacons are also mentioned in a letter written to the emperor Trajan by Pliny the Younger in the year 112. Many scholars point to a church tradition (written of by Pliny the Younger) where men were appointed deacons over the whole church, but because women were often segregated and kept hidden, widows of excellent reputation were charged as deaconesses to minister . In his letter he mentions he tortured two slave girls, who were deaconesses, to find out what they were really up to. a.d. 156), and Cyprian of Carthage (d. a.d. 258). Other sources corroborating the presence and work of deaconesses: Saints' lives ( vitae One letter is famous as it discusses Christians' being executed for not reverencing the Emperor's statue (Letters of Pliny Book 10, Letter 96). Domestic duties are omitted, though specified in the case of the deacons (1 Timothy 3:12).The same qualifications are required in deaconesses as in deacons, with such . Pliny the Younger, the Roman governor of Bithynia, reports in 112 A.D. that he had arrested and tortured two women he describes as "ministrae," which can be translated as deaconess. Anonymous author - Life of Olympias (6) 2. (This article can be downloaded as a nicely formatted PDF here: Deacons - A study by Matt Heerema) Deacons & Deaconeses. Pliny the Younger was governor of Pontus and Bithynia from 111-113 CE. Pliny the younger (about A.D. 104) appears to refer to deaconesses in his letter to Trajan, in speaking of the question by torture of "two maids who were called ministers" (ex duabus ancillis quae ministra dicebantur). There is, however, a Latin-language non-Christian source. by Sr Vincent Emmanuel Hannon from The Question of Women and the Priesthood, Sr Vincent Emmanuel Hannon S.U.S.C., Geoffrey Chapman 1967, pp.71-96. References to female deacons in the early Church are not hard to locate. Pliny the younger, about A.D. 104 AD, appears to refer to them in his letter to Trajan, in which he speaks of the torture of two maids who were called "ministrae" (female ministers). necessary to extract the real 5 PG 14:1278. The Barberini Greek Euchology, an eighth-century Byzantine ritual for the ordination of male and female deacons, calls for the laying-on of hands in ordination. However, there was no strict parallelism between the two branches of the diaconate with . Their duties were prescribed and as well as a form for their ordination. Its model is the diakonia of Christ, who washed the feet of his disciples (DA 3, 13, 1-7). It's a fair question. Somewhere between 111 and 113, Pliny the Younger, governor of Bithynia, wrote to the Emperor Trajan, asking how he should deal with Christians. The term deaconess may have referred to a clerical office at this time, but scholars are uncertain.18 It is known that a century later there was a A later Council of Nicaea transcript of the newly-formed Roman Church from AD 325 discusses the one-time ecclesiastical role of a deaconess, as did Epiphanius of Salamis (AD 365), St Basil of Caesarea (AD 372) and various others . [1] Earle writes, "The main argument against this is that the word for "their" is missing in the Greek." I have decided to move this topic to here. Pliny the Younger (Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus) was born in 61 or 62 CE at Como (he died c. 113 CE, not long after the present correspondence was written). Primary!Source!3.1!! Pliny, however, is not an entirely reliable witness to Christian doctrine or practice. In some traditions, the title "deaconess" was also sometimes given to the wife of a deacon. The exact relationship between Deacons and Deaconesses varies. . The witness of Pliny the Younger, from a lette (111-113r ) dispatched to Trajan from northwest Asia Minor, is a neat chip in this entire mosaic of evidence. Pliny the Younger, the Roman governor of Bithynia, reports in 112 A.D. that he had arrested and tortured two women he describes as "ministrae," which can be translated as deaconess. Romans 16:1; "Phoebe, servant" (Greek text: "deaconess") of the church at Cenchrea." 1 Timothy 3:11; "even so (marking a transition to another class from deacons) must the women (i.e. The writer ".judge had it..d necessar. Pliny the Younger (c. A.D. 62-113), the Governor of Bithynia in northwestern Turkey, wrote a letter to the emperor Trajan about the Christian movement, dated A.D. 111: "I have never been present at an examination of Christians. Literary Source 1. The Roman senator, Pliny the younger, had written in AD 112 about female ministers within the Christian movement. In some traditions, the title "deaconess" was also sometimes given to the wife of a deacon. For one of my classes I recently read one of Pliny the Younger's letters to the emperor Trajan about the Christians in his province. We also have extra-biblical support for female deacons in the Christian church (Pliny the Younger's letter to the Emperor Trajan). Plínio refers to "two servants" as deacons that he tortures to find out more about Christians. a.d. 107-8), Polycarp of Smyrna (d. ca. The deaconess' were distinguished from widows and virgins. I have asked my wife, to find the printed sources. pp. (181) A second example found in the Epistle of Pliny the Younger to Trajan is unconvincing because of a lack of development. The writer ".judge had it..d necessar. Republished on our website with the necessary permissions 1. These two letters are the most famous, in which Pliny the Younger encounters Christianity for the first time. The early church fathers St. Clement of Alexandria (c. AD 150-215) and Origen (AD 185-255) both commented on the inclusion of deaconesses in the Bible. . It was not until the third century that the specific Christian terms diaconissa or diaconal appeared. Sozomen, Ecclesiastical History (8.9) Date . We have a whole set of exchanges of his letters with the emperor Trajan on a variety of administrative political matters. Around 111 C.E. Pliny likely wrote the letters from Amisus before his term ended in January 113. Paul in 1 Timothy 3 gives criteria for the kind of person to be ordained as deacons and Pliny the Younger in his Letter to Trajan specifically mentions women serving as deacon who he calls deaconesses. In ad 112 the Roman governor Pliny the Younger wrote to the Emperor Trajan concerning Christians in his province, Bithynia. And two deaconesses were mentioned as Christian martyrs by the early second century governor of Bithynia, Pliny the Younger. Hindi rin ito makatuwiran habang si Pliny the Younger ay nagtanong sa mga deaconess tungkol sa kanilang relihiyon. "Saya percaya perlu untuk mengetahui dari dua budak perempuan (ex duabus ancillis) yang disebut diakon (ministrae), apa yang benar - dan untuk mengetahui melalui penyiksaan (per tormenta)" If the Scriptures do not speak clearly on the matter, then we have no right to take a dogmatic position on it. Firstly, let's please limit this discussion to the tradition and ordination of deaconesses in the Eastern Orthodox Church. In this letter, Pliny outlined his investigation, prosecution, and persecution of Christian believers in his realm. He wrote about it to the emperor Trajan, sometime around 111-113 AD. Secular evidence from the early 2nd century confirms this. To me, the most compelling biblical case for a recognized body of "deaconing women" is 1 Timothy 3. Pliny는 "두 명의 하녀"를 그가 기독교인에 대해 더 많이 알아 내기 위해 고문하는 집사라고합니다. If the Scriptures speak clearly on the matter, then nothing else matters. Deaconesses are mentioned by Pliny the Younger in a letter to Trajan dated c. 112. The "Apostolical Constitutions" distinguish deaconesses from widows and virgins, prescribe their duties, and a form for their ordination. Pliny refers to "two maid-servants" as deacons whom he tortures to find out more about the Christians. The question of women deacons, like all doctrinal questions, must be resolved by recourse to Scripture. Walter Slonopas seems to read the Bible the way lots of American evangelicals and others do so. We have a whole set of exchanges of his letters with the emperor Trajan on a variety of administrative political matters. My interest initially arose because I resided for four years in one of the principal cities he governed—not to mention that one of my four daughters was born in . The witness of Pliny the Younger, from a letter (111-113) dispatched to Trajan from northwest Asia Minor, is a neat chip in this entire mosaic of evidence. (Letters, 10.96) Clement of Alexandria (2nd C.) Pliny (the Younger), Roman governor of Bithynia (part of modern Turkey), exchanges letters with the Emperor Trajan in AD 112. Yet the Bible provides scriptural support for females in the diaconate (Rom 16:1-2, possibly 1 Tim 3:11). Former Arkansas Governor, Presidential candidate, and current Fox News host, Mike Huckabee has raised this question to Southern Baptists (HT: Billy Hallowell). He wrote a series of now famous letters to Trajan, the emperor of the Roman Empire. Gaius&Plinius&Caecilius&Secundus&(61-c.113&A.D . His uncle, Pliny the Elder, the famous author of the Natural History adopted the young Pliny when his father died, and ensured that he received an education in rhetoric. The first of two prayers was said by a deacon, and noted that God sanctified the female sex through the birth of Jesus and has given the Holy Spirit to both men and women. Pliny the Younger, just a decade after the death of the apostle John (his letter is dated 106 A.D.), attests to the existence of deaconesses in the early church. In the apostolic Church It is a present day tendency to return to ancient sources for inspiration and indeed for a standard. The Apostles laid hands on 7 men, Stephen, Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Paraemus and Nicholas. Palladius, Dialogue on the Life of John Chrysostom (10.50-67) 3. Sozomen, Ecclesiastical History (8.9) Date 5 th century AD; Place of Deacon Constantinople Olympias was a friend of St John Chrysostom. ministra) would be the most logical Latin translation of the Greek diakonos. The ministry of the diaconate should appear as "one single soul in two bodies.". In some traditions a deaconess is simply a female deacon; in others, deaconesses constitute a separate order; in others, the title "deaconess" is given to the wife of a deacon. 10.96, Plinius Traiano Imperatori ). 3), letter of Trajan to Pliny the Younger • Byzantine period (330-1453) − comparable to Early, High, and Late Middle Ages plus early Renaissance in Western Europe The office was unknown in the West before the beginning of the 5th century. Pliny had received some complaints about Christian activities and so started rounding up Christians, interrogating them, and attempting to learn as much as he could about them. The exact relationship between male and female deacons varies. Is Phoebe, in Romans 16:1, being depicted as a specific official . 5 th century AD . Pliny the Younger was a distinguished senator whom the Roman Emperor Trajan had appointed to be governor of Bithynia, a province [in present-day north Turkey] suffering from corruption under previous administrations. [3] They read the most symbolic book in Scripture as if it belonged to some other genre, as if it may be read correctly, the first three chapters excepted, as something other than figurative literature. At one point he said that he had to have two women interrogated through torture to get some information, and he says that the two women were called deaconesses. In the letter, he tells of questioning two women, who were called ministrae, the Latin equivalent of ~LC~KOVO~.'~ Of the ministry of women, Clement of Alexandria wrote: Female deacons are mentioned by Pliny the Younger in a letter to the emperor Trajan dated c. 112. 1909-14. Letters. Pliny the Younger , a pagan writing in about 112, mentions Christian deaconesses in Bithynia St. Clement of Alexandria (before 215) claims that the female diaconate was necessary and existed since the apostolic period. Both words come from the Greek verb diakone (to serve, to assist, to minister). Female deacons are mentioned by Pliny the Younger in a letter to the emperor Trajan dated c. 112. 6 Stromata 3, 6, 53 (PG 8:1158). Kabanata 14: 34-35 Walang sinumang babae ang dapat magsalita sa pagpupulong - na walang katuturan habang tinawag silang mga apostol at diakono dati. These two letters are the most famous, in which Pliny the Younger encounters Christianity for the first time. The new testament deacon and deaconess is a "lead servant" in a publicly recognized and commissioned office in a church that exists to assist the elders in administrative and logistical tasks related to the financial, mercy . A.D. 110) For many years I have been curious about a Roman governor known to us from history as Pliny the Younger. I'm not sure I agree with him and I don't claim to know the answer to the question whether we should seek tax exempt status but we should think about… Their business was to tend the poor and sick, and other charitable offices; as also to assist at the ceremony of female baptism, for the more decent performance of . He had questioned two ministrae ("female slaves" or "maidservants") called deaconesses, he wrote, but does not describe their role in the community. In a letter Pliny the Younger attests to the role of the women deacons. Pliny the Younger and Trajan on the Christians. Pliny the younger, about A. D. 104, appears to refer to them in his letter to Trajan, in which he speaks of the torture of two maids who were called minestrae (female ministers). Pliny the Younger was governor of Pontus and Bithynia from 111-113 CE. At dalawang deaconesses ang binanggit bilang mga Kristiyanong martir ng unang gubyernong pangalawang siglo ng Bithynia, si Pliny the Younger. Deaconess Ministry In the letter, he tells of questioning two women, who were called ministrae, the Latin equivalent of ~LC~KOVO~.'~ Of the ministry of women, Clement of Alexandria wrote: The "Apostolical Constitutions" 70 distinguish deaconesses from widows and virgins, prescribe their duties, and a form for their ordination. Somewhere between 111 and 113, Pliny the Younger, governor of Bithynia, wrote to the Emperor Trajan, asking how he should deal with Christians. But I discovered nothing else but depraved, excessive superstition. The Roman governor Pliny the Younger wrote the following in about 110 AD: I judged it so much more necessary to extract the real truth, with the assistance of torture, from two female slaves, who were styled deaconesses… [6] Despite having a strong bias against Christians, Pliny's record mirrors that found in the New Testament. Pliny the Younger. 9. 1.Anonymous author - Life of Olympias (6) 2. 1 Pliny the Younger, Letters, 10.96-97, LCL 2 (1969) 404-5. Constantinople . use the term deaconess, a woman named Phoebe is mentioned in Romans 16:1-2 as a deacon in the church at Cenechreae. These women, it is supposed, exercised the same office as Phoebe, mentioned by St. Paul, whom he styles deaconess of the church of Cenchrea. to the office of deaconess. The writer had "judged it . Early church history is filled with stories of famous martyr-bishops such as Ignatius of Antioch (d. ca. Pliny the Younger, in correspondence with the emperor Trajan (A.D. 112) describes one means by which he sought to extract information about Christianity: "I thought it therefore the more necessary to try and find the truth of the matter by torture as well, (and that) from two female slaves who were called Deaconesses. Fourth-century Church Fathers, like Epiphanes of Salamis, Basil of Caesarea, John Chrysostom, and Gregory of Nissa, accept the ministry of women ordained deacons as a fact. 이것은 초기부터 동부 로마 제국 의 일부에서 집사의 직분의 존재를 선언합니다. Mga Deacon sa Iglesia Ngayon . Deaconess From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For the honorific accorded a Their ministry is mentioned by early Christian writers such as Clement of Alexandria and Origen. y to extract the real truth, with the assistance of torture, from two female slaves, who were styled deaconesses "7 Sinabi ni Itay na tumulong lamang ang mga deaconess sa pananamit sa mga pagbibinyag. EXCHANGEOFLETTERS(BYPLINYTHE(YOUNER(AND(EMPEROR TRAJANONTHE(PERSECUTION(OFCHRISTIANITY1! Accordingly, what the persecutor Pliny the Younger thought of his two women captives, or what the Apostolic . To me, the most compelling biblical case for a recognized body of "deaconing women" is 1 Timothy 3. TIMELINE—REJUVENATION FROM PATRISTIC PERIOD (4TH-7TH C.) • Apostolic period (AD 60-80): Letters of Paul (Rom 16:1 re Phoebe) • Subapostolic period (late 1st/early 2nd c.): deutero-Pauline epistles (I Tim. The word deaconess is the feminine counterpart of the male deacon. . I am at work at the moment and have limited access. Ngayong mga araw na ito, tulad ng sa unang bahagi ng iglesya, ang papel ng deacon ay maaaring sumaklaw sa iba't ibang mga serbisyo at naiiba sa denominasyon sa denominasyon. The letter uses the term ministrae in Latin, which is the translation of the Greek word for Deaconess [6] . (a decade after the apostolic period), a Roman governor, Pliny the Younger, wrote a famous letter to the emperor Trajan ( Lib. The exact relationship between male and female deacons varies. Palladius, Dialogue on the Life of John Chrysostom (10.50-67) 3. A second early testimony of the presence of deaconesses comes from a different region of the church: Asia Minor. A good example of this is found in the letters of Pliny the Younger, whose actual name was Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus [62-115 A.D.], who was a Roman senator, and later the governor of Bithynia and Pontus [109-111 A.D.]. Introduction It is no secret that the vast majority of the voices that speak to us from the days of the early church are male. What Pliny the Younger Learned When He Interrogated Christians (ca. She was ordained a deaconby him and was put in charge of all the deacons assigned to the great Church of St Sophia in Constantinople. Female deacons are mentioned by Pliny the Younger in a letter to the emperor Trajan dated c. 112. What the role or frequency of women deacons was not spelled out. Here is an online s. In addition to these un­forgettable personages, there is also no lack . Women served in areas of discipleship, visitation, and assisting with baptism. deaconess. 2 See the anonymous review article II in the Church Quarterly Review 47 (1898/9) 302-341, esp. In an attempt to fill in the gap before the glut of (unfavorable) evidence, advocates for women deacons cite Pliny the Younger's infamous epistle to Trajan. Pliny the Younger, writing to Emperor Trajan around 112, speaks of detaining two ministrae (Epistle 96).17 Minister (fem. There's been a lot of debate over what Paul meant by calling Phoebe a deaconess. View 9.docx from FN 3300 at Meru University College of Science and Technology (MUCST). Pliny the Younger and Trajan on the Christians. Pliny the Younger (Governor of Pontus/Bithynia 111-113 AD) Accordingly, I judged it all the more necessary to find out what the truth was by torturing two female slaves who were called deaconesses. This is… Continue reading The Order of Deaconesses in the . Pliny the Younger was the governor of Bithynia and Pontus on the Black Sea coast of Anatolia, having arrived there around September 11 as the representative of Emperor Trajan. The witness of Pliny the Younger, from a lette (111-113r ) dispatched to Trajan from northwest Asia Minor, is a neat chip in this entire mosaic of evidence. Admittedly, the initial biblical glimpses are confusing. The earliest non biblical reference to women functionaries in the church is found in a letter of Pliny, the younger governor in Bithynia, to the Roman emperor Trojan about 112 AD. Female deacons are also mentioned in a letter written to the emperor Trajan by Pliny the Younger in the year112. Following is a list of what Pliny learned about Christians from his interrogations (the full text of his letter to the emperor Trajan is below): Diakon wanita disebut oleh Pliny the Younger dalam surat kepada maharaja Trajan bertarikh c. 112. 305-27. Pliny the younger, who was governor of Pontus and Bithynia in 111-113, used the feminine plural of ministra when he wrote to Trajan saying that he had tortured two female slaves "who were being called deacons" ( quae ministrae dicebantur) ( Letters 10.96 .8). In some traditions, the title "deaconess" was also sometimes given to the wife of a deacon. The Didascalia laid stress on the charitable role of the deacon and the deaconess. 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