structure of selaginella

Rhizophores are most readily seen in clambering species. Through altogether 17-μs MD simulations, we demonstrate the . A similarity was found in both construction and ultrastructure between the two exospore layers in microspores of Selaginella kraussiana. The phloem of Selaginella consists of sieve cells and parenchyma. megaspores. Homeophyllum include species with erect stem and spirally arranged leaves. The cells of the epidermis are without hairs and stomata. The ligule ofSelaginella kraussiana shows active incorporation of tritiated glucose in the central region; particularly into the Golgi system, but also into endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and cell periphery.Two hours chase in unlabelled glucose reveals a small amount of cell wall formation but most of the label remains in the Golgi bodies. The structure of multivein Selaginella schaffneri supports the microphyll concept. Megasporangium is the female reproductive structure . Covering: 2007 to 2020. 1. The chloroplast genome of S. involvens was 126,340 bp in length, containing a large single-copy region (LSC) of . Structure and function in the ligule of Selaginella ... Compound 1 displayed good antifungal activity against Candida albicans with an IC50 value of 5.3 . Structure of Aerial and Subterranean Roots of Selaginella ... Selaginella is a large genus comprising about 700 species and is world wide in distribution. Selaginella is the single remaining . Spike mosses are spore producing plants and are most closely related to quillworts. The ligule, which appears very early in the development of a leaf, is a surprisingly complex structure at maturity. of the stem of Selaginella is somewhat circular in outline and shows the following structures: (i) Epidermis: It is the outer most covering layer comprising of a single cell in thickness. Morphology of Selaginella. Characterize the gametophyte of Psilotum with relevant illustrations and add a brief note on its evolutionary significance. To examine the structural and dynamic basis of substrate permissiveness in this enzyme, we report the crystal structure of HCT from Selaginella moellendorffii and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations performed on five orthologous HCTs from several major lineages of land plants. from Selaginella doederleinii . The entire branch system often resembles a fern leaf. Native to Africa, spikemoss is a cousin to the true ferns, a low growing, mat-forming vascular plant. D. STRUCTURE OF THE GAMETOPHYTE: Selaginella is heterosporous, hence it produces two types of gametophytes, viz., microgametophyte i.e., male gametophyte from microspore and megagametophyte i.e., female gametophyte from megaspore. 1. Locate and diagram the position of the meristeles. Leaf Base: This is the part where a leaf attaches to the stem. Selaginella. The mature ligule consists of three zones. A distinctive feature of selaginella stem is the presence of radially elongated endodermal cells, called trabeculae. General structure The plant body is sporophyte. The Fine Structure and Development of the Trabeculae and the Trabecular Ring in Selaginella kraussiana Barbara McLean and B.E. Reproduction 5. Selaginella produces two types of spores—megaspores and microspores. U¨ber die structure of the nutritive zone . Unlike other moss, it has a more traditional root structure. 1. Selaginella is a tropical plant. The early vascular plants in the genus Selaginella, which is the sole genus of the Selaginellaceae family, have an important place in evolutionary history, along with ferns, as such plants are valuable resources for deciphering plant evolution.In this study, we sequenced and assembled the plastid genome (plastome) sequences of two Selaginella tamariscina individuals, as well as Selaginella . The central region consists of close-packed particles in a semi-crystalline arrangement. Selaginella is believed to be a living relict, biologists believe this genus has survived virtually unchanged in appearance for hundreds of millions of years. • Leaf veins originate from a vein node derived from a single strand with no leaf gap. (a) Cross-section of normal stem showing epidermis (ep), cortex (ct) and stele (st) under SEM. Stem: dichotomously branched later become monopodial 3. Selaginella leaves are small and have ligules (scale-like outgrowth). Between these cells large intercellular spaces are present. They grow in moist shady places. The biflavones were structurally identified and divided into the three . Selaginellins G (1) and H (2), two new selaginellin derivatives, were isolated from the whole plant of Selaginella pulvinata. A number of species of Selaginella are known for their survival in extremely xeric conditions. Some erect braches arise form the main stem. It possess two different kind kinds of spores- Megaspores (large) and microspores ( small ) in their respective sporangia arranged in the strobilus . External Morphology of Selaginella 3. in this presentation you will study about vegetative part of the plant like roots, stem, leaves, rhizophore and ligule etc. Selaginella is commonly called 'spike moss'. Structure & Life History of Selaginella Habit and Habitat of Selaginella: Selaginella is the only living genus of the order Selaginellales and is commonly known as 'spike moss' or 'small club moss'. Both consist of 2 layered sporangial wall surrounding the tapetum and sporogenous tissue. It grows in damp forests. on the basis of structure of stem and arrangement of leaves, Selaginella is divided into two sub genera namely Homoeophyllum and . Stem: The main stein is prostrate. Selaginella, or spikemoss, is the sole genus in the family Selaginellaceae. . Selaginella is a genus of lycophytes commonly known as spike mosses. The primary structure of the stem was thus of a simple Lycopodiaceous type, resembling on a larger scale what we find in the upright stem of Selaginella spinosa. At each ramification of the stem, a root-like organ, the rhizophore, is developed, which on . Some species of Selaginella are found to grow in template regions but majority of them occur in the rain forest of tropical countries. 1. These four are the result of meiosis from a single sporocyte. are solved by group of students and teacher of NEET, which is also the largest student community of NEET. 12 Laboratory 6 - Reproductive Morphology of Lycopodium and Selaginella I. Lycopodium A. Morphology of Lycopodium strobili and subgenera 1. S. oregana is an epiphyte. Mostly they are herbaceous perennials, however, a few are annuals (Selaginella pygmaea). Xylem is surrounded by two or three layers of parenchyma outside which is a single layer of sieve tubes, all . At the base of the ventral surface of the leaf, there is a membranous ligule which is characteristic of the Selaginella. Habit and Habitat of Selaginella: Selaginella shows considerable variation in size, symmetry and morphology. One of the kinds of rods are large, 100-150 nm in width, while the other are tubular rods 10-15 nm in diameter. Electrospray ionization (ESI) capillary . The Lycophyta possess small microphyll leaves (microphyll = with a single, unbranched vascular bundle) arranged in a spiral. The stems are aerial, horizontally creeping on the substratum (as in Selaginella kraussiana ), sub-erect ( Selaginella trachyphylla) or erect (as in Selaginella erythropus ). • The microphylls have bundle sheath cells and multiple stomatal types. The body is divided into root, stern and leaves. It grows in damp forests. Summary The development of the ligule of Selaginella kraussiana is described, from the initial meristematic state to the final stages of senescence, with particular reference to the central cells. Some species occur in temperate regions. It is a vascular plant and is differentiated into root, stem and leaves. Where is the Casparian strip usually found in Selaginella? The ligule ofSelaginella kraussiana shows active incorporation of tritiated glucose in the central region; particularly into the Golgi system, but also into endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and cell periphery.Two hours chase in unlabelled glucose reveals a small amount of cell wall formation but most of the label remains in the Golgi bodies. Spike mosses are spore producing plants and are most closely related to quillworts. 2. 8.2D) or ribbon-shaped depending upon the species, protostelic or siphonostelic with exarch protoxylem, and is bound by one-cell thick pericycle, and the endodermal cells form the trabeculae. They are distributed in humid temperate and tropical rain forests. DOUGLAS J. GRENVILLE AND R. L. PETERSON Department of Botany and Genetics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 Early in ontogeny, aerial roots of Selaginella kraussiana develop a root cap which is retained throughout the aerial growth phase. Leaves of Lycopodium and Selaginella can be differentiated on this basis. Br., air spaces develop between the endodermal cells, isolating the two steles from the . In living Selaginella, roots are primarily adventitious, whereas in S. fraipontii, they are formed between adjacent older roots, resulting in a specific pattern of root formation. The roots are mostly adventitious, because the first root dies early. Selaginellins G (1) and H (2), two new selaginellin derivatives, were isolated from the whole plant of Selaginella pulvinata. Their structures were elucidated, and complete assignments of the 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopic data were achieved by 1D and 2D NMR experiments (HSQC, HMBC, COSY and ROESY). The genus includes around 700 species of primitive vascular plants that are found in a wide range of habitats in most regions of the world. Crystal structure of chalcone synthase from Selaginella moellendorffii. Rhizophores is a structure of controversial morphological nature.They are leafless and positively geotropic organs that have localised origin and develop from angle meristems. Reproduction. STRUCTURE OF AERIAL AND SUBTERRANEAN ROOTS OF SELAGINELLA KRAUSSIANA A. BR. According to J.C.Shoute,Organ sui generis is one that is a novelty and has not . Selaginella leaves are arranged in four rows (two rows of short leaves and two rows of long leaves) along the stem. The Lycophyta, to which Lycopodium (Clubmoss) and Selaginella (Spikemoss) belong, have vascular bundles for the transport of water, minerals and sugars. Microphylls are a type of leaf which are very short like we can see in moss. Stem: The main stem is prostrate. However, Selaginella schaffneri has complex veins. Two new lactone-containing selaginellins T and U (1 and 2) together with eleven known selaginellin derivatives (3 and 7-16) were isolated from the whole plant of Selaginella tamariscina.The structure of tautomeric selaginellin U along with its biogenetic pathway was confirmed and proposed by a cross-validation of the semisynthesis of compound 4 from selaginellin (3) and derivation from 2 to 4. Comment on the morphological nature of the sporangial structure of Psilotum with figures. One distinctive feature of Selaginella is the rhizophore, a proplike structure that originates at a point of branching and that forks dichotomously after making contact with the soil or a hard surface. Selaginella is a multifaceted and one-of-a-kind spore relic plant that has survived in the subtropical and tropical regions of the planet and is successfully grown as a pot culture or in florariums at home. The spores are called megaspores because of their large size. on the basis of structure of stem and arrangement of leaves, Selaginella is divided into two sub genera namely Homoeophyllum and Heterophyllum. In plants like paddy, wheat, and other monocotyledons, this leaf . The organized production of laterals is a feature commonly associated with stems, not roots. Selaginella species are creeping or ascendant plants with simple, scale-like leaves ( microphylls) on branching stems from which roots also arise. Internal Structure 4. Find this Pin and more on Spring swap inspiration by Jennifer Long. 3. Sporangia in Selaginella contain four very large yellow spores. The megasporangium of Selaginella is equivalent to nucellus of Pinus. It is larger , four lobed with four megaspores inside it. Heterospory is an evolutionary advancement in vascular plants and is the precursor to the production of seeds, which form the basis for the success of higher plants. Most Selaginella species shared a unique plastome structure consisting of a set of direct repeats (DRs) instead of the inverted repeats (IRs) found in most plastomes. Some species of Selaginella are found to grow in temperate regions but majority of them are found to occur in the rain forests of tropical countries. Structure The main plant body is a sporophyte. Creeping or erect plant body 2. N:: The sporophyte of Selaginella reproduces vegetatively and by spores. Stem: A Tranverse section (T.S.) Salient Features of Selaginella 3. Premise: Unique among vascular plants, some species of Selaginella have single giant chloroplasts in their epidermal or upper mesophyll cells (monoplastidy, M), varying in structure between species. Discuss the internal structure of Psilotum stem. • As with the Lycopodiaceae, most species of Selaginella are tropical, but some occur in temperate zones. Spike Moss (Selaginella) Structure & Life Cycle photo. Mature cap cells have thick walls, particularly the outer tangential walls, which are also covered by a cuticle. In some species (S. densa, S. rupestris, S. oregana) the xylem possesses true vessels with transverse per­foration plates. Selaginella is heterosporous. The genus includes around 700 species of primitive vascular plants that are found in a wide range of habitats in most regions of the world. It has world wide distribution. Gifford and Foster, p. 123), as available: Lycopodium lucidulum Flavonoids are important polyphenolic natural products, ubiquitous in land plants, that play diverse functions in plants' survival in their ecological niches, including UV protection, pigmentation for attracting pollinators, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and defense against herbivores. on the basis of structure of stem and arrangement of leaves, Selaginella is divided into two sub genera namely Homoeophyllum and Heterophyllum. Abstract : In this study, a glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) protein from Selaginella moellendorffii was analyzed in silico to predict its physicochemical properties and three-dimensional structure. Selaginella grows as epiphytes or on the floor of wet tropical forests. Structure 4. Goebel and Bower considered them as Organs sui generis (i.e.,neither roots or shoots). Selaginella, also known as spikemoss, is the only surviving genus within the Selaginellaceae family.Selaginella includes more than 700 species widely distributed around the globe (Little et al., 2007).Selaginellaceae, together with the other two extant families Lycopodiaceae (clubmosses) and Isoetaceae (quillworts) within the division Lycopodiophyta, comprise the oldest lineage . The Questions and Answers of Megasporophyll of selaginella is equivelant to which structure of angiosperm-a)Carpelb)Stamenc)Ovuled)LeafCorrect answer is option 'A'. Some species possess prostrate creeping system (S. kraussiana); suberect (S. rupestris); erect (Selaginella erythropus); Climbing (Selaginella alligans). Majority are … It's function is not well understood, but it is well connected to the vascular system and appears to be metabolically active. Is there a discrete endodermis? . The branching of the roots is dichotomous in alternate planes. Thanks to these veins they can become bigger than mosses. Some species occur in temperate regions. 5. Despite the general simplicity of structure in Selaginella, S. schaffneri shows unusual structural homoplasy with angiosperms in these traits. This review provides extensive coverage of the selaginellins discovered from 2007 to 2020, including 61 natural ones and 52 . Selaginella involvens distributed in East Asia region including China used as traditional medicine, which is an important medicinal plant for preventing and treating asthma. B. Microphotograph of strobilus with microspores. Unbranched midrib. Locate the trabeculae. Selaginella is the single remaining . Selaginella_plana General structure The plant body is sporophyte. Selaginella. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Q-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DPPH-UPLC-Q-TOF/MS), as a rapid and efficient means, now was used for the first time to screen antioxidants from Selaginella doederleinii . The two most obvious differences are (1) their leaves each have a tiny extra appendage, or tongue, called a ligule, on the upper surface near the base and (2) they produce two different kinds of spores and gametophytes —an advanced feature referred to as heterospory. A. Selaginella is a spike moss, a lower non-vascular plant, but is heterosporous as gymnosperms and angiosperms. Selaginella sp - leaf base with ligule. Selaginella sp. (Selaginellaceae) from India Biplab Patra a,b ,Subir Bera b *andKlaus Mehltreter c Internal Structure of Selaginella: 1. Structure of sporangia Microsporangia : they are small, stalked, oval and varying in shapes, Mega sporangia : they are stalked and 4 lobes, larger in size and present at base of strobilus , spores are of larger size. this plant belongs to pteridophytes. Abstract. This organization is compared with that of aggregated Iridoviridae, prolamellar bodies, lipid micelles and precious opal. 4. Briefly describe the sporophytic structure of Psilotum with figures. Selaginella is a genus of lycophytes commonly known as spike mosses. Is the maturation of the xylem endarch or exarch? The complete chloroplast genome sequence of S. involvens was characterized from Illumina pair-end sequencing. The species of Selaginella is found to grow on the ground, on damp, shaded and humid conditions. Selaginella is a multifaceted and one-of-a-kind spore relic plant that has survived in the subtropical and tropical regions of the planet and is successfully grown as a pot culture or in florariums at home. TEM and SEM studies of iridescent fossil Erlansonisporites and Recent Selaginella spores reveal a wall composed of three regions. The large rods are wider at the base of the spines than in the upper part, possibly due to. These species occur in the dry, rocky regions of the southwestern United States where they cling to the sides of slopes and along the edges of outcrops, such as the one shown below in Llano County, Texas, near Austin. With more than seven hundred species, the Selaginellaceae is the largest of the living lycophyte families. In the tropics, it is planted it in the shade in rich, moist to wet soils. Although most seedless vascular plants are homosporous, Selaginella is hetersporous. Argon was used as the collision gas at a ow rate of L/h under degrees. Introduction. This DR structure was confirmed by PCR amplification using primer combinations designed based on the junction sites for the hypothetical DR and IR structures (Figure 2a). It is a large genus comprising of about 700 species distributed all over the world. Both consist of 2 layered sporangial wall surrounding the tapetum and sporogenous tissue. Caring for it cannot be called simple, Selaginella requires high humidity conditions that are difficult to create at home. Small dense nuclei, large vacuoles (many with osmiophilic deposits), plastids with few . Science Biology. Stele in Selaginella may be circular (Fig. It is a large genus comprising of about 700 species distributed all over the world. Leaf base has two small leaf-like structure called stipules. Their structures were elucidated, and complete assignments of the 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data were achieved by 1D and 2D NMR experiments (HSQC, HMBC, COSY and ROESY). 7. Selaginella is a type of vascular plants and it falls under the family Selaginellaceae. The pseudomonopodial habit of Selaginella . . Cycle Photo. Generally, leaf base, petiole, and lamina, together form the main parts of a leaf. The nine biflavone compounds were screened as potential antioxidants. They are distributed in humid temperate and tropical rain forests. The results suggest that the Golgi system in the . e molecular weight and structure of the screened antioxidants were identi ed by Q-TOF/MS. Specimen 7: Fern sori 20 20 Biology Classroom. Most of the species are perennials. S. oregana is an epiphyte. Subgenus Huperzia (old Urostachya) Observe herbarium and preserved specimens of the following species of Lycopodium, subgenus Huperzia (ref. Structure of sporangia Microsporangia : they are small, stalked, oval and varying in shapes, Mega sporangia : they are stalked and 4 lobes, larger in size and present at base of strobilus , spores are of larger size. The structure of a leaf is described below in detail : Parts of a Leaf. Most of the species are perennials. Issypinnns. 6. Normally the the microphyll contains one sing… View the full answer Obtain a prepared slide of the stem or rhizome of Selaginella and observe its structure. Trabeculae are absent in the stem of xerophytic species of selaginella. Thus gametophytes are dioecious (heterothallic). Selaginella is a large genus comprising about 700 species and is world-wide in distribution. Primary roots are short-lived. lycophytes In lycophyte: Form and function …a leaf; this is the ligule, a peculiar tonguelike outgrowth from the leaf surface near the leaf base. The dimorphic condition of the spores is known as heterospory. In between the sporophyll and sporangium is present a small membranous structure known as ligule i.e., the sporophyll is similar to a vegetative leaf. Microsporangium is the male reproductive structure . Structure, biochemistry and ecology of entomogenous galls in Selaginella Pal.Beauv. • S. schaffneri is the earliest diverging lineage within subgenus Stachygynandrum. High-purity nitrogen was utilized as a nebulizer, auxiliary gas was set at a L/h, and ow rate was set at L/h. Most of the species are perennials. the presentation is about morphology of selaginella. Abundantly it is found growing in tropical rain forests. Presence of ligules in Selaginella is a distinguishing feature of Lycopodium. Leaves: small, simple, sessile, green, thin microphyllous leaves. The exospore is made up of two different kinds of rods. I. It has world wide distribution. Note larval chamber (lc), nutritive tissue (nt), cortical vascular bundles (cvb), epidermis (ep). Juniper The Botany School, The University of Oxford, Oxford 0X1 3RA, U.K. Abstract. Habit and Habitat of Selaginella: Selaginella is the only living genus of the order Selaginellales and is commonly known as 'spike moss' or 'small club moss'. 2. (b) and (c) Cross-sections of cynipid gall under Light microscope and SEM, respectively. Life Cycle Patterns. Life Science. They grow in moist shady places. 4. It can sprout roots from its stems. on the basis of structure of stem and arrangement of leaves, Selaginella is divided into two sub genera namely Homoeophyllum and Heterophyllum. Caring for it cannot be called simple, Selaginella requires high humidity conditions that are difficult to create at home. Habitat of Selaginella 2. Most of the species are perennials. Can you explain this answer? Rhizophores: (Greek rhiza = root; phora = bearer). How are Selaginella and homeophyllum classified as epiphytes? Selaginella is a tropical plant. The body is divided into root, stem and leaves. The adventitious roots are present at the tips of rhizophore. Some of the important features are: Morphology It is an evergreen, profusely branched and delicate herb. The rhizophore of Selaginella, the tubers of Dioscoreaceae, the submerged vegetative portion of the plant-body of Utricularia, the ovule of the Angiosperms, and the sporangium of the Vascular Cryptogams are examples of organs, the ascription to which, owing to their peculiar structure, position, &c., of a place in any one of the usually . Early in ontogeny, aerial roots of Selaginella kraussiana develop a root cap which is retained throughout the aerial growth phase. Organic chemistry B.Sc 1 year all videos Link https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0CHjgm8Qub3kvbqemAMv0UOjEmHyyi52Inorganic chemistry B.Sc 1 ye. Selaginella is commonly called 'spike moss'. The results suggest that the Golgi system in the . Selaginellins are a small group of pigments exclusively found in the ancient genus Selaginella.Since the first report of selaginellin from S. sinensis in 2007, more than 110 selaginellins with diverse polyphenolic skeletons have been reported. The computed heoretical isoelectric point (pI) was found to be less than 7 indicating the acidic nature of this protein. Abstract. Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Selaginella Morphology of Sporophyte The plant body is the sporophyte, differentiated into root stem and leaves 1. Divisions-Lycophyta Class-Lycopsida Order-Selaginellales Famy-Selaginellaceae Genus-Selaginella The genus Selaginella is commonly known as club moss or spike moss. 0 Some analogy among recent Lycopods is afforded by the stem of Isoetes, and by the base of the stem in Selaginella spinosa; in the fossils the process was of a more normal type, but . AB - Microphylls, simple leaves with a single vein and no leaf gap, are the typical lycophyte leaves. Science And Nature. Study Biology. Indicate the ploidy level of each labeled structure. In the shoot apex of Selaginella kraussiana A. Species of Selaginella and a few other genera consistently have a small structure called the ligule at the base of each leaf. 2. Bower considered them as Organs sui generis ( i.e., neither roots or shoots.! Radially elongated endodermal cells, called trabeculae is dichotomous in alternate planes cap cells have thick walls, particularly outer. 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Are also covered by a cuticle Test: Selaginella Class 11 - EDUREV.IN /a. Shade in rich, moist to wet soils closely related to quillworts found in Selaginella is a,! Ramification of the stem | Chemodiversity in Selaginella is a single sporocyte is hetersporous in Selaginella is a vascular and... The function of the spines than in the stem which is a vascular plant and differentiated... The roots is dichotomous in alternate planes leaves ( microphyll = with single. The adventitious roots are mostly adventitious, because the first root dies early novelty and has.! Cap cells have thick walls, particularly the outer tangential walls, which appears very early in ontogeny, roots. Evergreen, profusely branched and delicate herb computed heoretical isoelectric point ( pI ) was found to grow the. The Sporophyte of Selaginella appears very early in the tropics, it has a more traditional root structure are. Become bigger than mosses because of their large size and has not evergreen, profusely branched delicate... Is surrounded by two or three layers of parenchyma outside which is a novelty and has.. > Psilotum - Classification, structure of Selaginella kraussiana develop a root cap which also. Of ligules in Selaginella molecular weight and structure of stem and arrangement of leaves rhizophore. Traditional root structure and ligule etc two sub genera namely Homoeophyllum and Heterophyllum three regions branched delicate... In humid temperate and tropical rain forests L/h under degrees section - detail | Microscopic... < /a > in... Be less than 7 indicating the acidic nature of the spines than in.... Root-Like organ, the Selaginellaceae is the function of the kinds of.... Semi-Crystalline arrangement, petiole, and ow rate was set at a ow rate of L/h under degrees structure of selaginella!